Economic Sociology eJournal最新文献

Regulation and Resale Behavior in Online Marketplace during the COVID-19 Pandemic COVID-19大流行期间在线市场的监管和转售行为

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 2021-10-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3936640

Yohsuke Hirose

引用次数: 0

Involuntary job loss: welfare effects, earnings impacts and policy options 非自愿失业:福利效应、收入影响和政策选择

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 2021-10-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3937734

D. Hyslop, David C. Maré, Shakked Noy, Isabelle Sin

{"title":"Involuntary job loss: welfare effects, earnings impacts and policy options","authors":"D. Hyslop, David C. Maré, Shakked Noy, Isabelle Sin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3937734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3937734","url":null,"abstract":"Workers who experience involuntary job loss suffer from deep and persistent negative consequences. In this paper, we first summarise the evidence on the effects of involuntary job loss on displaced workers’ wellbeing. We conclude that displacement harms workers’ mental health and economic security in the short term and negatively affects their earnings and mortality risk in the long term. We then extrapolate the estimates of Hyslop and Townsend (2017) to estimate the economy-wide net-present value of wages lost as a result of displacement by the workers displaced in New Zealand in a representative year. Our estimates suggest that this value is likely between $3.3 billion (in a year of economic upswing) and $15.4 billion (in a year of very severe economic downswing). Finally, we survey the policy options available for dealing with involuntary displacement. We conclude that unemployment insurance or unemployment benefits can effectively mitigate the immediate negative effects of displacement and have only small downsides. By contrast, training and job placement programs are typically ineffective, but in some circumstances might have high potential upside.","PeriodicalId":255350,"journal":{"name":"Economic Sociology eJournal","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133794619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Economic Uncertainty and Corruption: Evidence From Public and Private Firms 经济不确定性与腐败:来自公私企业的证据

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3894468

Mansoor Afzali, Gonul Colak, Mengchuan Fu

引用次数: 12

Transient Dynamics of the COVID Lockdown on India’s Production Network 新冠肺炎疫情对印度生产网络的影响

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3916355

A. Mandel, Arpitha Y. Narasimha, K. K. Reddy, Vipin P. Veetil

{"title":"Transient Dynamics of the COVID Lockdown on India’s Production Network","authors":"A. Mandel, Arpitha Y. Narasimha, K. K. Reddy, Vipin P. Veetil","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3916355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3916355","url":null,"abstract":"In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of India imposed production restrictions on various sectors of the economy. Prima facia there is reason to believe that the cost of the quantity constraints may be greater than their simple sum. This is because quantity constraints percolate through the production network forcing some sectors to reduce output because of the non-availability of inputs. This paper uses an Input-Output Network Model (IO-NET Model) to study the impact of the lockdown on the Indian economy. We calibrate our IO-NET Model to the Indian economy using data on sectoral linkages. We then examine the impact of the lockdown using agent-based computational experiments. Such experiments allow us to examine the out-of-equilibrium time dynamics that emerge in response to the lockdown. The transient dynamics reveal certain counterintuitive phenomena. The first of which is that the supply of output of some sectors increases during and immediately after the lockdown. Second, recovery after the relaxation of the lockdown entails the overshooting of GDP above its normal levels. And the size of the overshooting depends on the stickiness of prices. These counterintuitive phenomena are intimately related to the network interaction between firms as buyers and sellers of intermediate inputs. The paper also measures the network effect of the lockdown across different sectors. There is sizeable heterogeneity among sectors in how their network position amplifies the quantity constraints imposed on sectors distantly related to them as buyers-sellers of intermediate inputs. Ultimately, models like our own can serve as testbeds for policy experiments, especially when the model is calibrated to granular data on buyer-seller linkages in the economy.","PeriodicalId":255350,"journal":{"name":"Economic Sociology eJournal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132509577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Long-Term COVID-19 Impacts and the U.S. Workforce of 2029 COVID-19的长期影响和2029年的美国劳动力

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 2021-08-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3911455

S. Shutters

{"title":"Long-Term COVID-19 Impacts and the U.S. Workforce of 2029","authors":"S. Shutters","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3911455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3911455","url":null,"abstract":"While ensuring employment opportunities is critical for global progress and stability, workers are now subject to several disruptive trends, including automation, rapid changes in technology and skill requirements, and energy transitions. Yet, these trends seem almost insignificant compared to labor impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. While much has been written about the pandemic’s short-term impacts, this study analyzes anticipated long-term impacts on the labor force of 2029 by comparing original 2029 labor projections to special COVID-adjusted projections recently published by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. We find that future demand for nearly every type of labor skill and knowledge increases, while work activities shift from physical to more cognitive tasks. Of the nearly three million jobs projected to disappear by 2029 due to COVID, over 91% are among workers without a bachelor’s degree. Among workers with a degree demand shifts primarily from business-related degrees to computer and STEM degrees. We further find that the socialness of labor, which is important for both innovation and productivity, increases in many more industries than it decreases. Finally, an examination of how COVID affects trends in automation and teleworking is mixed across industries. Overall, our results suggest that future workers will need to engage more often in training and skill acquisition, requiring life-long learning and skill maintenance strategies.","PeriodicalId":255350,"journal":{"name":"Economic Sociology eJournal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133413411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Selling New Products with Social Learning: The Role of Online Product Reviews 用社会学习销售新产品:在线产品评论的作用

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-11-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3738411

Xuying Zhao, Z. Pang, J. Zhang

{"title":"Selling New Products with Social Learning: The Role of Online Product Reviews","authors":"Xuying Zhao, Z. Pang, J. Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3738411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3738411","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the impact of consumers' social learning from the reviews of early adopters of a new product. We consider a two-period setting with an introduction (penetration) period followed by the product maturing period. Early buyers make purchase decisions in the introduction period under significant product valuation uncertainty and future price uncertainty and would like post reviews online to share their experiences about the product. The online product reviews posted by early adopters play an important role in shaping following consumers' product valuations and further influence their purchasing decisions. While the majority of research on social learning focuses on the impact of social learning on the consumer decisions and firm pricing in the maturing period, we find an indirect impact of electronic word-of-mouth (EWOM) on the strategic early buyers' purchase decisions and firm pricing in the introduction period. When early buyers make purchase decisions, they need to forecast the future second period price, estimate the expected utility from waiting, and compare it with the expected utility from buying early. We find that social learning increases the uncertainty in future price, which depends on reviews and therefore unknown, for early buyers in the introduction period. This price-uncertainty-increasing effect may balk early buyers from adopting in the introduction period and thus impact a firm's profit. Driven by this effect, we find that under social learning negative reviews may benefit a firm while positive reviews can also hurt a firm.","PeriodicalId":255350,"journal":{"name":"Economic Sociology eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129027943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Doing Well By Doing Good: Improving Store Performance with Responsible Scheduling Practices at the Gap, Inc. 通过做好事来做得更好:Gap公司通过负责任的调度实践来提高商店绩效。

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3731670

S. Kesavan, S. Lambert, Joan C. Williams, Pradeep K. Pendem

{"title":"Doing Well By Doing Good: Improving Store Performance with Responsible Scheduling Practices at the Gap, Inc.","authors":"S. Kesavan, S. Lambert, Joan C. Williams, Pradeep K. Pendem","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3731670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3731670","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the causal effects of employee-friendly scheduling practices on store financial performance at the US retailer Gap, Inc. The randomized field experiment evaluated a multi-component intervention designed to improve dimensions of work schedules – inconsistency, unpredictability, inadequacy, and lack-of-employee control – shown to undermine employee well-being and productivity. The experiment was conducted in 28 stores in the San Francisco and Chicago metropolitan areas during a 9-month period between November 2015 and August 2016. Intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses indicate that implementing employee-friendly scheduling practices increased store productivity by 5.1%, a result of increasing sales (by 3.2%) while also decreasing labor (by 1.8%). Drawing on qualitative interviews with managers and quantitative analyses of employee shift-level data, we offer evidence that the intervention improved financial performance through two mechanisms: enhanced employee effort and store execution. Given the common assumption that employee-friendly scheduling practices are costly for business because they reduce labor flexibility for employers, we give particular attention to examining how the intervention reduced labor hours. Analyses indicate that a significant proportion of the reduction can be traced to improved employee schedule adherence and the subsequent decrease in downstream “paper cuts” to the labor budget that occurs as one employee’s tardiness cascades throughout the day and to coworkers. Our findings thus provide compelling evidence that schedule adherence is not exogenous to managers’ scheduling behavior or to scheduling algorithms. Employers place profits at risk when they underestimate the business benefits of employee-friendly scheduling practices.","PeriodicalId":255350,"journal":{"name":"Economic Sociology eJournal","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126208481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Is the Public Sector Wage Premium Real? Findings from Bangladesh 公共部门的工资溢价是真实的吗?孟加拉国的调查结果

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-01-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3884596

S. Islam, Emran Hasan

引用次数: 1

Indirect Transactions at a Global Scale 全球范围的间接交易

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 2019-07-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3741607

Christopher B. Yenkey

{"title":"Indirect Transactions at a Global Scale","authors":"Christopher B. Yenkey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3741607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3741607","url":null,"abstract":"This paper advances theory on arm’s length transactions by considering their causes and consequences in a novel context- global trade transactions. The study is made possible by merging comprehensive bilateral trade data from the United Nations (UNCOMTRADE) with a propriety dataset capturing bilateral payments provided by the Society of Worldwide Interbank Financial Transfers (SWIFT). The resulting dataset reveals that more than two-thirds of bilateral trade relationships are structured indirectly- African countries export their products to a trade partner, but that importing partner does not pay the exporter directly. My analysis reveals the attributes of country-level transaction relationships that use this indirect payment structure, what the performance implications are for indirect payments ties, and why countries that initially use indirect payments ties subsequently switch to direct payments (the triad closes) or vice versa. Results show that indirect payments are more likely when countries have higher gravity-based distances, dissimilar administrative institutions, weaker governance institutions, and trade in more substitutable goods. Indirect transactions, however, are associated with lower stability and lower growth in all these relationships with the exception of those with weaker governance institutions, where intermediaries are a benefit to the transacting parties. Overall, the evidence strongly suggests that direct, embedded transactions at a global level are associated with similar positive benefits that scholars have found at local, inter-firm levels. A concluding discussion highlights five important questions for future research to consider than cannot be answered by this study.","PeriodicalId":255350,"journal":{"name":"Economic Sociology eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129500801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rethinking Deinstitutionalization: Exploring the Boundary Conditions for Abandoning and Decoupling Highly Diffused and Institutionalized Practices 重新思考去制度化:探索高度扩散和制度化实践的放弃与脱钩的边界条件

Economic Sociology eJournal Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3736139

Herman Aksom

{"title":"Rethinking Deinstitutionalization: Exploring the Boundary Conditions for Abandoning and Decoupling Highly Diffused and Institutionalized Practices","authors":"Herman Aksom","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3736139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3736139","url":null,"abstract":"Deinstitutionalization of taken-for-granted practices as a natural consequence of ever increasing entropy seems to directly contradict the major institutional thesis, namely, that over time isomorphic forces increase and, as a result, possibilities for deinstitutionalization decrease culminating in the impossibility of abandoning in highly institutionalized fields. We argue that the possibilities for deinstitutionalization have been overestimated in organizational literature and offer a revisited account of deinstitutionalization vs. institutional isomorphism and institutionalized vs. highly diffusing-but-not-institutionalized practices. A freedom for choice between alternative practices exists during the pre-institutional stage but not when the field is already institutionalized. In contrast, institutionalized, taken-for-granted practices are immutable to any sort of functional and political pressures and they use to persist even when no technical value remains thus deinstitutionalization on the basis of a functional dissatisfaction seems to be a paradox. We offer a solution to this theoretical inconsistency by distinguishing between truly institutionalized practices and currently popular practices (highly diffused but non-institutionalized). It is only the later that are subject to the norms of progress which allow abandoning and replacing of existing organizational activities. Deinstitutionalization theory is thus can be applied to popular practices that are subject to reevaluation, abandonment and replacement with new optimal practices while institutions are immutable to these norms of progress. Institutions are immutable to deinstitutionalization and the deinstitutionalization of optimal practices is subject to the logic of isomorphic convergence in organizational fields. Finally, we revisit a traditional two-stage institutional diffusion model in order to explain the possibility and likelihood of abandonment during different stages of institutionalization.","PeriodicalId":255350,"journal":{"name":"Economic Sociology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130187013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2