{"title":"7. The future of the world’s reptiles","authors":"T. Kemp","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198806417.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198806417.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The world’s reptile fauna is facing the threat of a considerable reduction in the number of species. One estimate is that by 2050 over 500 species, around 5 per cent, will have been lost. By 2080, the figure will have grown to 20 per cent, which is approximately 2,000 species. ‘The future of the world’s reptiles’ explains that the threats to reptiles are: commercial exploitation for food, medicines, and ornament; habitat destruction; global climate change; and pollution. Any comprehensive effort to conserve needs to address all of these. By far the most important way to conserve reptiles is setting up and regulating various kinds of protected area. Another important approach is legislation to control trade in reptiles.","PeriodicalId":254501,"journal":{"name":"Reptiles: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125508892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2. History of reptiles","authors":"T. Kemp","doi":"10.1093/ACTRADE/9780198806417.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ACTRADE/9780198806417.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"‘History of reptiles’ describes the origin and early evolution of reptiles, from the early ancestor-like Hylonomus and Petrolacosaurus 320 million years ago (mya) in the Carboniferous period. The end-Permian mass extinction, 250 mya, removed over 90 per cent of the world’s species of animals and plants, but one group—the archosaurs—began to expand and diversify. The archosaurs included the dinosaurs, made up of the Theropoda, the Sauropodomorphs, the Ornithischia, the pterosaurs, and the crocodiles. In the Mesozoic Era, several new kinds of reptiles evolved adaptations for life in the sea—plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and others. The end-Cretaceous mass extinction, 66 mya, ended the dinosaurs, but many lizards, snakes, chelonians, and crocodiles survived.","PeriodicalId":254501,"journal":{"name":"Reptiles: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126822948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1. What is a reptile?","authors":"T. Kemp","doi":"10.1093/ACTRADE/9780198806417.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ACTRADE/9780198806417.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"There are close to 10,000 different species of reptiles, with five different kinds of living animals making up the Class Reptilia: chelonians (turtles and tortoises); lizards; snakes; crocodilians; and the tuatara of New Zealand. ‘What is a reptile?’ explains that despite their huge range of body forms and ways of life, zoologists recognize them all as reptiles because of the fundamental characters that they all share, including dry and scaly skin, the ability to excrete urine waste as a solid, and the reproductive process of laying amniotic eggs on dry land. The evolutionary adaptations for moving to life on dry land, which began about 320 million years ago, are explained.","PeriodicalId":254501,"journal":{"name":"Reptiles: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"121 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128494674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}