Henrique Coelho Silva, Rafael Costa Lima Maia, Paulo Roberto Leitao de Vasconcelos, Orleancio Gomes Ripardo de Azevedo
{"title":"The Pathophysiological Aspects of Cerebral Diseases","authors":"Henrique Coelho Silva, Rafael Costa Lima Maia, Paulo Roberto Leitao de Vasconcelos, Orleancio Gomes Ripardo de Azevedo","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101218","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Cerebrovascular disorders are the main causes of heavy burden health worldwide, also, it is critical to understand the pathophysiological mechanism and then trying to prevent the neurological sequels. Objective. To discuss the inflammatory and oxidative stress aspects associated to the cerebrovascular diseases, focusing on biomarkers, also the role of omega oils, and the intracellular molecular network associated to the tissue burden on those conditions. Results. One of the most promising biomarkers it is Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE). Serum NSE levels were elevated in stroke-patients compared to the non-stroke controls. Also, studies have demonstrated that in specific ratio omega oils 3, 6 and 9 can ameliorate the inflammatory and oxidative stress in nervous tissue and could be useful to the inflammatory and oxidative stress negative effects of cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, the study of the molecular mechanisms is essential to understand which molecules could be addressed in cascade of events preventing the permanent damage on the nervous tissue. Final considerations. The studies on cerebrovascular disorders must precisely identify the mechanisms and key molecules involved and improve the time of diagnostics and prognostics reducing the negative impacts of those conditions.","PeriodicalId":244209,"journal":{"name":"Cerebrovascular Diseases [Working Title]","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122508534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aging Associated Specificity in Training Visual Short-Term Memory","authors":"O. Razumnikova, V. Kagan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101669","url":null,"abstract":"There are numerous data in existence, the computerized cognitive training programs (CCTP) maintain or improve the plasticity of the neural networks in the brain. It is known as well that CCTP reduces the probability of cognitive dysfunctions associated with aging. In the chapter, the age-associated specificity in the temporal dynamics of changes in the visuospatial short-term memory (VSWM, also called visuospatial working memory) is presented. VSWM has been analyzed as there are evidence for age-related decline in visuospatial memory associated with hippocampus atrophy in aging. Memory retrieval decline in older women in comparison with young women while computerized training at home is shown. The elderly achieving results which are comparable to the youngs are determined by significantly increased duration while performing the memory tasks. To reveal factors of the CCTP’s efficiency, age-related differences in the attention systems using the Attention Network Test were resolved. In the group of older women, VSWM efficiency is negatively related to the errors of incongruent information selection whereas in young women—to the reaction time while testing. Thus, the success of long-term systematic training of visuospatial memory in old age is strongly related to the high level of executive control.","PeriodicalId":244209,"journal":{"name":"Cerebrovascular Diseases [Working Title]","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115818497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tecla Mlambo, Yvonne Pfavai, Faith R. Chimusoro, F. Kaseke
{"title":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Occupational Therapy in Low Resource Settings","authors":"Tecla Mlambo, Yvonne Pfavai, Faith R. Chimusoro, F. Kaseke","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101212","url":null,"abstract":"The long-term complications of stroke interfere with function, and the level of disability varies based on the type of stroke, location, and the extent of damage. Rehabilitation services are important in the recovery of stroke patients, but not all survivors have access to the services especially in low resourced settings where accessibility and economic challenges are the major barriers. Inadequate fulfilment of stroke survivors’ rehabilitation needs contribute to poor functional outcomes and slow recovery. The objectives of this chapter is therefore to give an overview of stroke and stroke rehabilitation with specific emphasis on occupational therapy, discuss the activities and areas of participation considered important by stroke patients, stroke patients’ needs and perceived fulfilment of these needs in order to provide targeted interventions. Data to inform the chapter is based on research done in a low resource setting. The perceived important activities and participation areas, and the needs of stroke patients are discussed in light of literature on the subject and findings from the studies done in Zimbabwe.","PeriodicalId":244209,"journal":{"name":"Cerebrovascular Diseases [Working Title]","volume":"2111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127469144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thrombolysis in Acute Stroke","authors":"M. Çetiner","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101252","url":null,"abstract":"The first step in stroke care is early detection of stroke patients and recanalization of the occluded vessel. Rapid and effective revascularization is the cornerstone of acute ischemic stroke management. Intravenous thrombolysis is the only approved pharmacological reperfusion therapy for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Patient selection criteria based on patient characteristics, time, clinical findings and advanced neuroimaging techniques have positively affected treatment outcomes. Recent studies show that the presence of salvageable brain tissue can extend the treatment window for intravenous thrombolysis and that these patients can be treated safely. Recent evidence provides stronger support for another thrombolytic agent, tenecteplase, as an alternative to alteplase. Endovascular thrombectomy is not a contraindication for intravenous thrombolysis. Evidence shows that the bridging approach provides better clinical outcomes. It is seen that intravenous thrombolysis is beneficial in stroke patients, whose symptom onset is not known, after the presence of penumbra tissue is revealed by advanced neuroimaging techniques. Reperfusion therapy with intravenous thrombolysis is beneficial in selected pregnant stroke patients. Pregnancy should not be an absolute contraindication for thrombolysis therapy. This chapter aims to review only the current evaluation of intravenous thrombolytic therapy, one of the reperfusion therapies applied in the acute phase of stroke.","PeriodicalId":244209,"journal":{"name":"Cerebrovascular Diseases [Working Title]","volume":"126 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120843990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cerebrovascular Disease and Hypertension","authors":"Navdeep Singh Sidhu, S. Kaur","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.101180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101180","url":null,"abstract":"Systemic hypertension is a major public health problem, nearly affecting one-third of the global adult population. It is the leading modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease, renal dysfunction, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Human brain is one of the most important target organs for hypertension related end-organ damage. Two major categories of hypertension related cerebral diseases include stroke and dementia, which are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Large body of clinical evidence has shown that adequate control of elevated blood pressures (BPs) could be a very effective tool in reducing the incidence and prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases. In the following sections, we discuss the role of hypertension in the causation of cerebrovascular disease along with the preventive and therapeutic strategies for the same.","PeriodicalId":244209,"journal":{"name":"Cerebrovascular Diseases [Working Title]","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126346837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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