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The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus最新文献

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Lak
The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.11
V. Friedman
{"title":"Lak","authors":"V. Friedman","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter gives a grammatical overview of the Kumukh dialect of Lak, which is the basis of the Lak standard language, which is one of the offical languages of the Republic of Daghestan in the Russian Federation. Lak is a member of the Dagestanian branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian (Northeast) Caucasian family and is spoken by close to 200,000 people, mostly in the central highlands of Daghestan. Topics of interest covered in this chapter include glottalization and gemination in stops and affricates, pharyngealized vowels, agglutination, exuberant gender agreement, Lak’s complex tense-aspect-mood-evidential system, ergative and biabsolutive agreement patterns, and long-distance anaphora wherein a reflexive in a subordinate clause can refer to the absolutive or ergative (= genitive) subject of the main clause. Among Daghestanian languages, Lak is also remarkable for the fact that its dialectal differentiation is not as strong as in other Daghestanian branches, especially its closest relative, Dargwa.","PeriodicalId":242700,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129405898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Kartvelian (South Caucasian) Languages Kartvelian(南高加索)语言
The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.5
Y. Testelets
{"title":"Kartvelian (South Caucasian) Languages","authors":"Y. Testelets","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter contains a description of the small Kartvelian, or South Caucasian, language family spoken in the Western part of Transcaucasia and consisting of four languages of which Georgian is the most known and culturally significant. It outlines the structure of the family and the problem of its further genetic affiliation and contains sociolinguistic information, history of its research, basic characteristics of phonology, including a rich consonantal system with unusual consonant clusters, lexical classes, morphology of nominals and verbs, with special emphasis on complexity of the verb and the syntactically motivated morphological classes and processes like valency-changing derivation (benefactive, causative), structure of noun phrases and the role of case marking, simple clause, word order, anaphora, complex sentence, and the role of the three major grammatical relations: Subject, Direct Object, and Indirect Object that dominate in the morphology and syntax; the areal and typological profile of the Kartvelian languages; and issues for further research.","PeriodicalId":242700,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125805714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Megrelian Megrelian
The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.8
Alexander Rostovtsev-Popiel
{"title":"Megrelian","authors":"Alexander Rostovtsev-Popiel","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses Megrelian, a Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language spoken by Megrelians, a subethnic group compactly residing in one of the western provinces of Georgia, Samegrelo. A language of informal communication, Megrelian has been subject to linguistic research both in Georgia and beyond for more than two hundred years. Backed by the existing literature on the language, most of which has been published in Georgian, this sketch provides an account of essential features of Megrelian phonology, grammar, and lexicon, including such typologically renowned properties of Megrelian as the elaborate system of preverbs and innovative and extremely specific case-marking alignment that not only features ergative stimuli of affective verbs, but can also license this case to adverbs as well. Furthermore, new insights are proposed for such domains of linguistic structure as the language’s case system, grades of comparison, expression of spatial deixis by pronominal expressions, verbal aspect, and evidentiality; some of these statements are based on the data from the author’s long-term fieldwork and are now being introduced to linguistic discourse.","PeriodicalId":242700,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus","volume":"29 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133649908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Iron Ossetic 铁Ossetic
The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.17
David Erschler
{"title":"Iron Ossetic","authors":"David Erschler","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"Iron Ossetic is an Iranian language spoken in the Caucasus. The present chapter describes the main phonological, morphological, and syntactic properties of Iron Ossetic. A brief overview is given of the geographical and historical background, published sources, and history of research on Ossetic. The chapter proceeds with an overview of phonetics and phonology of the language, after which the morphology of nominals and verbs is addressed. The discussion of syntax touches upon the overall structure of simple clauses, the structure of noun phrases, valency classes, interrogative clauses, and complex clauses. A special emphasis is put on typologically unusual properties of this language. These properties include a rich system of second position pronominal clitics with a complex pattern of placement, the behavior of negation and negative indefinites, the syntax of wh-questions and complementizers, and the formation of finite embedded clauses, including relative clauses. Relative clause functions are always expressed by correlatives.","PeriodicalId":242700,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117139193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Avar 阿瓦尔人
The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.13
Diana Forker
{"title":"Avar","authors":"Diana Forker","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a grammatical sketch of Avar, the largest indigenous language of Dagestan. Avar has five vowels and more than 40 consonants, among which there are a number of voiced, voiceless, ejective (glottalized), and tense (strong) obstruents. The language is agglutinative with some elements of fusion and strongly suffixing. Nouns are divided into three genders, and three inflectional classes, which largely correlate with the gender divisions. The core cases are absolutive, ergative, dative and genitive; furthermore, there are twenty spatial cases. Avar has gender and number agreement expressed by prefixes, suffixes, and occasionally infixes. Agreement targets are mainly verbs, adjectives, and certain pronouns. While agreement and case marking follow ergative alignment, no ergative patterns are found outside the realm of morphology. The rich inventory of verb forms consists of four synthetic and six analytic core tenses used in finite clauses. The non-finite verb forms include infinitive, masdar, and a wide range of participles and converbs. Noun phrases and subordinate clauses are head-final. In main clauses there is a clear tendency for A-P-V order, but other orders are also attested.","PeriodicalId":242700,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129836168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
North Caucasus 北高加索地区
The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.2
K. Kazenin
{"title":"North Caucasus","authors":"K. Kazenin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with the dynamics of population structure and the ethnic composition of the North Caucasus within the recent hundred years. It also discusses changes in the administrative divisions of the region during that period. For each administrative area of the North Caucasus, the chapter describes the distribution of its population across geographical zones and major migration processes observed in the Soviet and post-Soviet epochs. This chapter also evaluates the size of each ethnic group from a historical perspective and presents changes of ethnic proportions which took place in the administrative areas of the North Caucasus in the time of the USSR and afterward. Special attention is paid to urbanization and to population growth in ethnically mixed zones, especially in the recent decades. It is shown that the Republics of the North Caucasus differ considerably in different ethnic groups. In addition, this chapter also presents the history of the formation of national Republics in the North Caucasus.","PeriodicalId":242700,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125747386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dargwa
The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.12
N. Sumbatova
{"title":"Dargwa","authors":"N. Sumbatova","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is a description of Dargwa based on the data of the Tanti dialect. Dargwa, which is spoken in Central Dagestan, constitutes a separate branch of the Nakh-Dagestanian family. Dargwa is known for its dialectal variation: many researchers believe that it should be treated as a language group. Nouns in Dargwa have the category of gender (in the singular: masculine–feminine–neuter, in the plural: first/second person plural–human–non-human). Nominal forms are derived from two stems, direct and oblique, in both singular and plural. The nominal system includes five to seven forms of non-locative cases and a number of locative (spatial) forms opposed as to localization, orientation, and, in some dialects, direction. Most verbal roots have a perfective and an imperfective form within a single verbal paradigm. The verbal system is also rich with multiple TAM-paradigms and non-finite forms (participles, convers, deverbal nouns). An important syntactic feature of Dargwa is a well-developed system of person agreement with a typologically rare opposition of the second person singular versus first person (singular and plural) + second person plural (the third person is usually unmarked). Like other Nakh-Dagestanian languages, Dargwa is morphologically ergative, left-branching (SOV), with free word order. Clause coordination is relatively rare, most dependent clauses are headed by non-finite verb forms.","PeriodicalId":242700,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130802959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ellipsis in Languages of the Caucasus 高加索地区语言中的省略
The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.26
David Erschler
{"title":"Ellipsis in Languages of the Caucasus","authors":"David Erschler","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with ellipsis, a phenomenon whereby some expected material goes missing in an utterance. The chapter overviews types of ellipsis frequently addressed in the literature: ellipsis in the noun phrase; argument omission; VP ellipsis; modal complement ellipsis; ellipsis in complex predicates; gapping, pseudogapping, and right node raising; ellipsis in comparative constructions, stripping; and ellipsis involving negation, sluicing and its generalizations, and fragment answers. It proceeds to review the occurrence of, and peculiarities exhibited by, these ellipsis varieties in a sample of the languages of the Caucasus. A number of ellipsis varieties that have not been earlier discussed in the literature but are present in some languages of the Caucasus are addressed as well. The data show that the languages of the Caucasus do not show a uniform typological profile as far as ellipsis is concerned. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the relevance of the presented data for theories of ellipsis.","PeriodicalId":242700,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132971273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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