{"title":"The Politics of India’s Reformed Labor Model","authors":"R. Agarwala","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers a new theoretical framework to understand Indian labor in the contemporary context of strengthening ties between the Indian state and business. Labor in the twenty-first century must be redefined to include formal and informal workers; it must be re-envisioned to include manufacturing, as well as the growth sectors of construction and services; and the relationship of labor exploitation must account for the market, as well as state politics and ideology. Drawing from the arguments of Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi, historical sources, and interview data, this chapter exposes how, since the 1980s, the Indian state has used informal labor to organize consent for a powerful political project that undermines labor’s twentieth-century gains, empowers large business, and retains state legitimacy with a mass electorate. In addition to examining these hegemonic forces from above, this chapter details the potential and limits of labor’s budding countermovements emerging from below and nuances the common cries of “jobless growth” in India.","PeriodicalId":240392,"journal":{"name":"Business and Politics in India","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124170520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Business and Politics","authors":"John Harriss, Andrew Wyatt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190912468.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912468.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The political economy of Tamil Nadu presents a puzzle: in spite of politics that are generally considered to be unhelpful to development, the state does relatively well in terms both of economic growth and of human development. The chapter argues that Tamil Nadu is neither a developmental nor a social democratic state, while having some of the features of both. It is, rather, characterized by Bonapartism. While the state has generally been supportive of big business, the relationship between the corporate sector and the political elite is distinctly “arm’s-length.” The power and influence of business groups has not “grown enormously,” as has been claimed elsewhere. Tamil politicians do not rely for financial resources on big business but have their own sources of finance, some of them in semilegal or illegal activities such as sand mining and granite quarrying.","PeriodicalId":240392,"journal":{"name":"Business and Politics in India","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121793154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic Liberalization and the Structural Power of Business","authors":"K. Murali","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on private capital’s structural power, the indirect mode of influence that business enjoys in the policy process as a result of the key economic role it plays in capitalist democracies. Specifically, the chapter traces the evolution of business’s structural power in the era of economic liberalization in India and empirically demonstrates the marked rise in capital’s structural power at both the national and subnational levels since 1991. It also finds that business’s structural power is not constant but varies across states in India. Though capital’s structural power has clearly risen in India in the era of economic liberalization, the chapter suggests that business influence is not hegemonic; the chapter identifies four factors—the importance of noneconomic factors in electoral politics, the internal heterogeneity of capital, the continuing role of the public sector, and patterns of patronage and cronyism—that mitigate business’s structural influence.","PeriodicalId":240392,"journal":{"name":"Business and Politics in India","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130193444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Media in Contemporary India","authors":"C. R. Reddy","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The media in India has become a profitable business since the early 1990s, leading to a “commodification” with the attendant abandonment, by and large, of journalism as public purpose. This process has accompanied rapid economic growth that has led to a widening of consumer choice, and therefore to a major increase in advertising. The need to attract advertisers has persuaded publishing companies to turn their products into consumer items like any other, packaged to attract the largest number of readers or viewers. The expansion of the media on the back of advertising income has brought many investors into both print and TV. This essay argues that the result has been that while the Indian media can still on occasion speak truth to power, commodification has meant that publishers have struck a Faustian bargain with commerce, resulting in the loss of the uniqueness that is associated with journalism.","PeriodicalId":240392,"journal":{"name":"Business and Politics in India","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123236564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Business-Friendly Gujarat Under Narendra Modi","authors":"C. Jaffrelot","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190912468.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912468.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In Gujarat, close relations between a robust business community, politicians and the bureaucracy crystallized at an early date and survived under the Nehruvian system. In the 1990s, Gujarat liberalized its economy more quickly than most other states. In the 2000s, the economic policy of the new chief minister, Narendra Modi, gave a new dimension to the state’s business-friendliness because it benefited SMEs, the entrepreneurial basis of Gujarat, less than large corporate houses. This “model” had implications not only for the economy (as evident from the problems that the SMEs started to face—as well as the exchequer for fiscal reasons), but also for the society (big firms need fewer workers than SMEs), the polity (grand corruption was a corollary of this pattern), and the environment (big companies were allowed to breach rules and regulations in that domain too). These issues are illustrated by relations between Narendra Modi and Gautam Adani.","PeriodicalId":240392,"journal":{"name":"Business and Politics in India","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123178919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Business Interests, the State, and the Politics of Land Policy","authors":"R. Jenkins","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the relationship between business interests and the Indian state. It focuses on the legal framework governing the state’s forcible acquisition of land for “public purposes,” including private sector industrial development. Recent land acquisition policy trends reveal ambiguities in the character of the Indian state. On the one hand, in 2013 India enacted legislation containing protections for landowners and communities facing dispossession. The inability of business interests to prevent passage of such a law—or of the probusiness government elected in 2014 to repeal or amend it—suggests that the nexus between business and the Indian state may be less all-embracing than it seems. On the other hand, this case demonstrates the capacity of business to adapt to political obstacles at the federal level—notably, by shaping and supporting a series of state-level reforms designed to neutralize the key community-protection provisions found in the 2013 act.","PeriodicalId":240392,"journal":{"name":"Business and Politics in India","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131069886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"India’s Porous State","authors":"Aseema Sinha","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents evidence and a theory to understand the current topography of the business-politics relationship in India. Such a theory helps us understand a dual movement: the emergence of a new developmental state as well as the movement of business inside democratic institutions even as India’s political actors engage in numerous business activities. The state has become more porous as business has moved into diverse institutions. Both corrupt and legitimate development activities take place in the shadow of this porous state. The chapter maps the presence of business actors within legislative bodies, parties, independent agencies, and other public agencies to document this trend. Joint-decision arenas such as public private partnerships are key to this business-state compact. Brokers and agents such as key personalities and business associations mediate and move between blurred boundaries of state and regulatory institutions. Politicians have become businessmen and create both laws and invest in business enterprises.","PeriodicalId":240392,"journal":{"name":"Business and Politics in India","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129460070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Business and State in Odisha’s Extractive Economy","authors":"Sunila S. Kale","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190912468.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Among India’s states, Odisha stands as a paradox. Unlike other states with episodes of marked hostility to business, Odisha has had an almost unbroken succession of probusiness governments from independence onward. However, unlike developmental probusiness states that nurtured industry to produce jobs and higher rates of economic growth, economic policies in Odisha have failed to produce either sustained economic growth or a substantial economic transformation. Business-state relations in Odisha instead display “neopatrimonial tendencies”; the government extends support to entrepreneurs with no attendant discipline, and in order to succeed, economic actors access personal connections rather than proceed via institutionalized channels. This chapter surveys Odisha’s neopatrimonial state-business relations over three time periods in Odisha: from independence through the 1960s, 1970s–1980s, and the period from the early 1990s onward.","PeriodicalId":240392,"journal":{"name":"Business and Politics in India","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133220527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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