{"title":"Healthcare Application-Oriented Non-Lambertian Optical Wireless Communications for B5G&6G","authors":"Jupeng Ding, I. Chih-Lin, Jiong Zheng","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.98275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98275","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuous improvement of user communication requirements and the rapid development of information services, optical wireless communication (OWC), which has unlimited bandwidth and precise positioning, is widely used in indoor scenes such as healthcare. For healthcare monitoring application, the optical wireless (OW) link using non-Lambertian emission pattern is investigated in the typical mobility scenario. Numerical results show that the potential gain could been provided by the concerned emission pattern to the OW performance uniformity.","PeriodicalId":236289,"journal":{"name":"Moving Broadband Mobile Communications Forward - Intelligent Technologies for 5G and Beyond","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130644879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Haidine, Fatima Zahra Salmam, Abdelhak Aqqal, A. Dahbi
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 5G and beyond: A Survey and Perspectives","authors":"A. Haidine, Fatima Zahra Salmam, Abdelhak Aqqal, A. Dahbi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.98517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98517","url":null,"abstract":"The deployment of 4G/LTE (Long Term Evolution) mobile network has solved the major challenge of high capacities, to build real broadband mobile Internet. This was possible mainly through very strong physical layer and flexible network architecture. However, the bandwidth hungry services have been developed in unprecedented way, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), etc. Furthermore, mobile networks are facing other new services with extremely demand of higher reliability and almost zero-latency performance, like vehicle communications or Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV). Using new radio interface based on massive MIMO, 5G has overcame some of these challenges. In addition, the adoption of software defend networks (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) has added a higher degree of flexibility allowing the operators to support very demanding services from different vertical markets. However, network operators are forced to consider a higher level of intelligence in their networks, in order to deeply and accurately learn the operating environment and users behaviors and needs. It is also important to forecast their evolution to build a pro-actively and efficiently (self-) updatable network. In this chapter, we describe the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in 5G and beyond, to build cost-effective and adaptable performing next generation mobile network. Some practical use cases of AI/ML in network life cycle are discussed.","PeriodicalId":236289,"journal":{"name":"Moving Broadband Mobile Communications Forward - Intelligent Technologies for 5G and Beyond","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117250688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Alimi, Romil K. Patel, Aziza Zaouga, N. Muga, Qin Xin, A. Pinto, Paulo Monteiro
{"title":"Trends in Cloud Computing Paradigms: Fundamental Issues, Recent Advances, and Research Directions toward 6G Fog Networks","authors":"I. Alimi, Romil K. Patel, Aziza Zaouga, N. Muga, Qin Xin, A. Pinto, Paulo Monteiro","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.98315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.98315","url":null,"abstract":"There has been significant research interest in various computing-based paradigms such as cloud computing, Internet of Things, fog computing, and edge computing, due to their various associated advantages. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive review of these architectures and their associated concepts. Moreover, we consider different enable technologies that facilitate computing paradigm evolution. In this context, we focus mainly on fog computing considering its related fundamental issues and recent advances. Besides, we present further research directions toward the sixth generation fog computing paradigm.","PeriodicalId":236289,"journal":{"name":"Moving Broadband Mobile Communications Forward - Intelligent Technologies for 5G and Beyond","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123453806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An LTE-Direct-Based Communication System for Safety Services in Vehicular Networks","authors":"S. Gupta, J. Khan, D. T. Ngo","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91948","url":null,"abstract":"With the expected introduction of fully autonomous vehicles, the long-term evolution (LTE)-based vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networking approach is gaining a lot of industry attention, to develop new strategies to enhance safety and telematics features. The vehicular and wireless industries are currently considering the development of an LTE-based system, which may co-exist, with the IEEE 802.11p-based systems for some time. In light of the above fact, our objective is to investigate the development of LTE Proximity Service (ProSe)-based V2X architecture for time-critical vehicular safety applications in an efficient and cost-effective manner. In this chapter, we present a new cluster-based LTE sidelink-based vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) multicast/broadcast architecture to satisfy the latency and reliability requirements of V2V safety applications. Our proposed architecture combines a new ProSe discovery mechanism for sidelink peer discovery and a cluster-based round-robin scheduling technique to distribute the sidelink radio resources among the cluster members. Utilizing an OMNET++ based simulation model, the performance of the proposed network architecture is examined. Results of the simulation show that the proposed algorithms diminish the end-to-end delay and overhead signaling as well as improve the data packet delivery ratio (DPDR) compared with the existing 3GPP ProSe vehicle safety application technique.","PeriodicalId":236289,"journal":{"name":"Moving Broadband Mobile Communications Forward - Intelligent Technologies for 5G and Beyond","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130356532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Brief Overview of CRC Implementation for 5G NR","authors":"Hao Wu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91790","url":null,"abstract":"In fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR), the medium access control (MAC) layer organizes the data into the transport block and transmits it to the physical layer. The transport block consists of up to million bits. When the transport block size exceeds a threshold, the transport block is divided into multiple equal size code blocks. The code block consists of up to 8448 bits. Both the transport block and the code block have a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) attached. Due to the difference in the size of the transport block and the code block, the CRC processing scheme suitable for the transport block and that suitable for the code block are different. This chapter gives an overview of the CRC implementation in 5G NR.","PeriodicalId":236289,"journal":{"name":"Moving Broadband Mobile Communications Forward - Intelligent Technologies for 5G and Beyond","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128723235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low-Latency Strategies for Service Migration in Fog Computing Enabled Cellular Networks","authors":"Jun Li, Xiaoman Shen, Lei Chen, Jiajia Chen","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91439","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a fog computing enabled cellular network (FeCN), in which the high user-mobility feature brings critical challenges for service continuity under stringent service requirements. Service migration is promising to fulfill the service continuity during mobility. However, service migration cannot be completed immediately and may lead to situations where the user-experience degrades. For this, a quality-of-service aware service migration strategy is proposed. The method is based on existing handover procedures with newly introduced distributed fog computing resource management scheme to minimize the potential negative effects induced by service migration. The performance of the proposed schemes is evaluated by a case study, where realistic vehicular mobility pattern in the metropolitan network of Luxembourg is used. Results show that low end-to-end latency for vehicular communication can be achieved. During service migration, both the traffic generated by migration and the other traffic (e.g., control information, video) are transmitted via mobile backhaul networks. To balance the performance of the two kinds of traffic, a delay-aware bandwidth slicing scheme is proposed. Simulation results show that, with the proposed method, migration data can be transmitted successfully within a required time threshold, while the latency and jitter for nonmigration traffic with different priorities can be reduced significantly.","PeriodicalId":236289,"journal":{"name":"Moving Broadband Mobile Communications Forward - Intelligent Technologies for 5G and Beyond","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123087782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prospects of 5G Satellite Networks Development","authors":"V. Tikhvinskiy, Victor A. Koval","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90943","url":null,"abstract":"In the future, 5G networks will represent the global telecommunication infrastructure of the digital economy, which should cover the whole world including inaccessible areas not covered by 5G terrestrial networks. Given this, the satellite segment of 5G networks becomes one of the pressing issues of development and standardization at the second stage of 5G networks development in the period 2020–2025. The requirements for 5G satellite network will be determined primarily by combination of key services supported by 5G networks, which are combined by three basic business models of 5G terrestrial networks: enhanced Mobile Broadband Access (eMBB), Massive Internet of Things connections (mIoT), and Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (uRLLC). 3GPP as leading international standards body has identified several use cases and scenarios of 5G satellite networks development. 5G satellite networks are understood to mean networks in which the NG-RAN radio access network is constructed using a satellite network technology. The chapter has discussed the spectral and technological aspects of 5G satellite network developments, issues of architecture and role of delays on quality of services of 5G satellite segment, and possibility of constructing a 5G satellite segment based on distributed and centralized gNB base stations. The issues of satellite payload utilization have considered for bent-pipe and on-board processing technologies in 5G satellite segment.","PeriodicalId":236289,"journal":{"name":"Moving Broadband Mobile Communications Forward - Intelligent Technologies for 5G and Beyond","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114402074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}