Piety and PrivilegePub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0005
T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford
{"title":"Segregation, Innocence, and Gender Construction","authors":"T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The Catholic Church ensured its teachers operated the secondary schools in such a manner that the sexes were segregated. That it did partly because of its view that if there were not appropriate safeguards, young people would readily engage in sexual relations before marriage, a practice considered gravely sinful. Thus, it promoted single-sex education to minimize threats in this regard. Equally, it promoted it to perpetuate the domestication of women and to encourage students, both male and female, to join the religious life, a matter dealt with in detail in the next chapter. For the same reasons, the Catholic bishops and the schools’ authorities also frowned on the provision of sex education. The Church also operated the secondary schools to construct as it desired those Irish Catholic males and females it recognized were not going to enter religious life.","PeriodicalId":234874,"journal":{"name":"Piety and Privilege","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121531532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piety and PrivilegePub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0007
T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford
{"title":"Feudal Privilege in Education","authors":"T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The concern in this chapter is with how the Church constructed the religious as teachers and as school principals, with memories of how they concurrently constructed themselves. An informing assumption is that one needs to consider these matters to arrive at an appreciation of how the religious were able to operate to pursue the Church’s interests in the classroom. Notwithstanding the nature of their religious formation and the rules that governed their lives, members of the teaching religious were not automatons in their approach to their teaching. If they had been so, then Catholic schooling could possibly have collapsed since the teaching religious would have been unable to respond to challenges, to change, and to demands of them by their superiors. While ‘religious formation’ was very much designed to produce very rigid and largely unbending individuals, the teaching religious were able to execute a certain amount of agency and be leaders even if contained within the structures of the life they lived.","PeriodicalId":234874,"journal":{"name":"Piety and Privilege","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124996428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piety and PrivilegePub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0009
T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford
{"title":"The Student in the Classroom and Beyond","authors":"T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an exposition of former students’ memories of secondary schooling in Ireland for the period 1922–1967, supplemented by similar material uncovered in the historical record. No claim is made that it portrays what were the common experiences of all. Rather, it is the product of a desire to cast the net as widely as possible, in order to canvass a maximum variety of perspectives. Further, most although not all of the testimony upon which we have based it is mainly of the ‘topical life story’ type. In other words, it is testimony based on memory. At the same time, we are not denying the possibility that it has the potential to provide understandings to add to the corpus of historical work already undertaken on the history of Irish secondary school education presented in previous chapters.","PeriodicalId":234874,"journal":{"name":"Piety and Privilege","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123115966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piety and PrivilegePub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0002
T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford
{"title":"The Church Ascendant, 1831–1967","authors":"T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"In the latter half of the eighteenth and early decades of the nineteenth century the priests’ leadership role in Ireland increased, aided by the relaxation of the Penal Laws and the eventual granting of Catholic Emancipation throughout the United Kingdom in 1829. Concurrently, a new generation of reforming bishops shook off the approach of caution of their predecessors towards government and became increasingly assertive about Catholic interests, including in education. That assertiveness is central in the considerations of this chapter. Developments in relation to the role of the Catholic Church (the Church) in Irish society from the decades prior to the Great Famine of 1845–48 are outlined. Relations between the Church and the State on education from the establishment of the Irish National School System in 1831 to the advent of national independence in 1922 are then examined. In the third section the activity of ‘the triumphalist Church in Ireland’ for the period from 1922 to the introduction of ‘free second-level education’ in 1967 is detailed.","PeriodicalId":234874,"journal":{"name":"Piety and Privilege","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126208059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piety and PrivilegePub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0008
T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford
{"title":"A Marginalized Laity","authors":"T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"For the period 1922–1967 the Catholic Church opposed any notion of joint responsibility between laity and clergy for primary and secondary schooling. It did so in order to be able to pursue unhindered its major interest in schooling, which was ‘the salvation of souls’ and the production of priests, brothers, nuns, and a loyal middle class. Further, the State cooperated with the Church because in doing so it was able to pursue its own aim of producing a literate and numerate citizenry, pursuing nation building, and preparing an adequate number of secondary school graduates to address the requirements of the public service and the professions without having to provide schools. The Church legitimated the involvement of the teaching religious in associated practices with parents, school inspectors, and lay teachers. Relatedly, it worked to try to ensure that the voices of educationists who were not religious received little hearing in relation to education policy-making. A small number of secondary schools run largely by lay Catholics were able to operate. The individuals in question, in establishing these schools, quietly contested the hegemony of the Catholic clergy and religious in the provision of education, and indicated what might be possible in the future.","PeriodicalId":234874,"journal":{"name":"Piety and Privilege","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130677363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piety and PrivilegePub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0010
T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford
{"title":"Looking Backwards, Looking Forwards","authors":"T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"A pluralist, outward-looking approach to Catholic education in Ireland now characterizes some of the latest changes at the level of governance and curriculum. Regarding piety, the first of the two main themes addressed throughout this book, change is also evident. In particular, the manner in which it is promoted and practised in the Catholic secondary schools now is more benignant, personal, ecumenical, and inclusive of those of other faiths than it was in the past. Regarding the second theme considered throughout, namely, the role of the Church historically in favouring at secondary school level those privileged in Irish society socially and economically, the situation is that while expansion of education provision has raised national standards of education, it has not led to the kind of reduction in relative social class inequalities that many believed it could or would. Thus, while so much has changed in relation to second-level schooling in the country from the end of the period 1922–1967 and the move away from the theocratic State, the Church in Ireland still continues to be enmeshed in social reproduction through the position it continues to hold within the nation’s secondary school sector.","PeriodicalId":234874,"journal":{"name":"Piety and Privilege","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124094212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piety and PrivilegePub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0006
T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford
{"title":"Seeking Labourers for the Vineyard","authors":"T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The Catholic Church harnessed the secondary schools in Ireland in pursuit of its interest in recruiting new members for the diocesan priesthood and for the religious orders by utilizing two major sets of practices. First, the teaching members of the orders were themselves regularly reminded of the theological arguments that justified their state in life as being most elevated spiritually, thus reinforcing within them the conviction that the choice they had made was noble. This reinforcement also enthused them to respond constantly to requirements in their rules and constitutions that they encourage their students to consider seriously joining the ranks. Second, the superiors of a number of the orders dispatched ‘recruiting agents’ specially chosen for the task to visit Catholic schools with the explicit intention of ‘seeking out vocations’. These personnel supplemented their talks to potential recruits by distributing recruitment literature among them. That literature served not only to remind readers once again of the hierarchy of vocations in the Church but also to encourage them to become members of an order by appealing to various sentiments, including their sense of care, of heroism, and of adventure.","PeriodicalId":234874,"journal":{"name":"Piety and Privilege","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126107507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piety and PrivilegePub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0003
T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford
{"title":"The Monastic Monolith in Operation","authors":"T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The general patterns established during the period 1922–67 regarding the political and administrative arrangements relating to the Irish education system began to break down after following the introduction of free second-level education in 1967 and a subsequent great increase in attendance at second-level schools. In 1965, The OECD-sponsored Investment in Education report contributed greatly to portraying the economic, social, and geographic inequalities of opportunity in Ireland at the time. In particular, it drew attention to the fact that one-third of all children left full-time education upon completion of primary schooling and only 59 per cent of all 15-year-old children were in school. What was less clear in the public mind at the time was that levels of provision had been even bleaker on the establishment of the State and had not changed substantially over the succeeding four decades. That reality constitutes the background to considerations in this chapter. It opens by elaborating on the various types of primary, second-level, and continuation schools that existed across the nation. The overall patterns of access to and attendance at secondary school are then detailed. A very general exposition of the economic and social conditions in the country that influenced the existence of these patterns follows.","PeriodicalId":234874,"journal":{"name":"Piety and Privilege","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116284455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piety and PrivilegePub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0004
T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford
{"title":"A Privileged Minority at their Desks","authors":"T. O'Donoghue, J. Harford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The Catholic Church and the State supported each other in their pursuit of their respective interests in schooling in Ireland. That was particularly so in relation to the secondary school curriculum. The interest of the Church was in maintaining an all-pervasive religious atmosphere justified by reference to its overt aim of using the schools as an instrument for enhancing ‘the salvation of souls’. Concurrently, it supported successive governments in the pronounced emphasis they placed on promoting the Irish language and Gaelic culture, including through the secondary schools. Further, on occasions when it perceived State initiatives in that domain over-zealous failure to have them implemented was due primarily to the Church having the upper hand in the partnership. At the same time, tension never spilled over into displays of public acrimony. A desire on the part of both institutions not to jeopardize the promotion of the intellectual and emotional development of students only in a very narrow sense served to maintain harmony, as it facilitated the deeper interest of both institutions in maintaining their power among the majority of the population.","PeriodicalId":234874,"journal":{"name":"Piety and Privilege","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115920361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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