Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods最新文献

Antimicrobial Resistance 抗菌素耐药性

Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82303

Muhammad Usman Qamar, Muhammad Hidayat Rasool, S. Jahan, M. Shafique, B. Aslam

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance","authors":"Muhammad Usman Qamar, Muhammad Hidayat Rasool, S. Jahan, M. Shafique, B. Aslam","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.82303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82303","url":null,"abstract":"Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) pose an emerging threat to public health sector worldwide. They are one of the potent nosocomial pathogens and cause variety of infections including pneumonia, septicaemia, wound infections, urinary tract infections and catheter-associated infections. From the last two decades, these pathogens are becoming more powerful due to the acquisition of resistomes on different types of plasmids and transposons. There are four main mechanisms of antibacterial resistance such as efflux pump, target alteration, membrane permeability and notably enzymes hydrolysis. K. pneumoniae produce different types of enzymes but most importantly extended spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL), carbapenemase and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL). K. pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) producing isolates displayed resistance not only against the β-lactam drugs (penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems) but also to other classes of antibiotics (aminoglycosides and quinolones). Therapeutic options available to treat serious infections caused by these extensively drug-resistant pathogens are limited to colistin, tigecycline and fosfomycin. Hence, combination therapy has also been recommended to treat such bacteria with clinical side effects, therefore, new treatment regime must be required. Moreover, we are relying on conventional diagnostic tools, however, novel techniques must be required for robust identification of multi-drug-resistant bacteria.","PeriodicalId":233468,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129688926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways 链霉菌作为抗菌药物的来源:激活隐次生代谢途径的新途径

Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81812

Á. Manteca, P. Yagüe

{"title":"Streptomyces as a Source of Antimicrobials: Novel Approaches to Activate Cryptic Secondary Metabolite Pathways","authors":"Á. Manteca, P. Yagüe","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81812","url":null,"abstract":"Streptomyces is the most important bacterial genus for bioactive compound production. These soil bacteria are characterized by a complex differentiation cycle. Streptomyces is extremely important in biotechnology, producing approximately two thirds of all antibiotics, as well as many compounds of medical and agricultural interest. Drug discovery from streptomycetes became challenging once the most common compounds were discovered, and the system was basically abandoned by industry. Simultaneously, antibiotic resistance is increasing dramatically, and new antibiotics are required. Screening from nature is being resumed (exploring new environments, looking for elicitors, metagenome, etc.). Secondary metabolism is conditioned by differentiation; although the relationship between both has long remained elusive, differentiation as a trigger for antibiotic production remains basically unexplored. Most cultures used in screening campaigns for new bioactive molecules have been performed empirically, and workflow was extremely produc-tive during the so-called golden age of antibiotics; however, currently there is a bottleneck. Streptomyces is still the most important natural source of antibiotics, and it also harbors many cryptic secondary metabolite pathways not expressed under laboratory conditions. In this chapter, we review strategies based on differentiation, one of the keys improving secondary metabolite production and activating cryptic pathways to face the challenges of drug discovery.","PeriodicalId":233468,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130482024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance 导论:抗生素的作用机制和耐药性

Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods Pub Date : 2019-02-27 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85211

S. Kırmusaoğlu, N. Gareayaghi, B. Kocazeybek

引用次数: 13

Antimicrobial Agents: Antibacterial Agents, Anti-biofilm Agents, Antibacterial Natural Compounds, and Antibacterial Chemicals 抗菌剂:抗菌剂，抗生物膜剂，抗菌天然化合物和抗菌化学物质

Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods Pub Date : 2019-02-13 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82560

Y. D. Boakye, Newman Osafo, C. Danquah, F. Adu, C. Agyare

{"title":"Antimicrobial Agents: Antibacterial Agents, Anti-biofilm Agents, Antibacterial Natural Compounds, and Antibacterial Chemicals","authors":"Y. D. Boakye, Newman Osafo, C. Danquah, F. Adu, C. Agyare","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82560","url":null,"abstract":"The surge in antimicrobial resistance coupled with the decline in the antimicrobial drug pipeline calls for the discovery and development of new agents to tackle antibiotic resistance and prevent a return to a post-antibiotic era. Several factors account for resistance of microbes; some are natural and others are acquired. Natural selection, presence of efflux pumps, impermeable cell wall, biofilm formation and quorum sensing are some of the factors. Though it is difficult to outwit the pathogens, the discovery and development of compounds with pleiotropic modes or mechanisms of action different from the conventional drugs currently being used can help us tackle antimicrobial resistance. Natural products have been known to be a rich source of bioactive compounds with diverse structures and functional group chirality. Various reports indicate medicinal plants with antibacterial, anti-biofilm, efflux pump inhibition, wound healing effects or properties and others used for upper respiratory and urinary tract infections. There is an urgent need to research into natural products particularly plants for antimicrobial agents including antibacterial agents, anti-biofilm agents, antibacterial natural compounds and antibacterial chemicals. This chapter throws more light on such antimicrobials. for 24 h. The content of the wells are decanted and washed with phosphate buffer, fixed with methanol for 15 min and decanted. They are then stained with crystal violet (0.5%) for 20 min, decanted and washed with distilled water. Glacial acetic acid is then added to extract the crystal violet and the optical density determined at 490 nm using an ELISA plate reader [45].","PeriodicalId":233468,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130804464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents 生物膜的检测方法及药物抗生物膜活性的筛选

Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84411

S. Kırmusaoğlu

{"title":"The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents","authors":"S. Kırmusaoğlu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84411","url":null,"abstract":"Biofilm producer microorganisms cause nosocomial and recurrent infections. Biofilm that is a sticky exopolysaccharide is the main virulence factor causing biofilm-related infections. Biofilm formation begins with attachment of bacteria to biotic surface such as host cell or abiotic surface such as prosthetic devices. After attachment, aggregation of bacteria is started by cell-cell adhesion. Aggregation continues with the maturation of biofilm. Dispersion is started by certain conditions such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). By this way, sessile bacteria turn back into planktonic form. Bacteria embedded in biofilm (sessile form) are more resistant to antimicrobials than planktonic bacteria. So it is hard to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria than planktonic forms. For this reason, it is important to detect biofilm. There are a few biofilm detection and biofilm production methods on prosthetics, methods for screening antibacterial effect of agents against biofilm-embedded microorganism and antibiofilm effect of agents against biofilm production and mature biofilm. The aim of this chapter is to overview direct and indirect methods such as microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and Congo red agar, assays antibiofilm","PeriodicalId":233468,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134104158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 67

Alternative Approaches to Combat Medicinally Important Biofilm-Forming Pathogens 对抗医学上重要的生物膜形成病原体的替代方法

Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods Pub Date : 2018-11-05 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80341

M. A. Saleemi, N. Palanisamy, E. H. Wong

引用次数: 5

Origin and Control Strategies of Biofilms in the Cultural Heritage 文化遗产中生物膜的起源与控制策略

Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods Pub Date : 2018-11-05 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79617

L. Rivera, A. P. Ramos, Jorge Ismael Castañeda Sánchez, María Elisa Drago Serrano

{"title":"Origin and Control Strategies of Biofilms in the Cultural Heritage","authors":"L. Rivera, A. P. Ramos, Jorge Ismael Castañeda Sánchez, María Elisa Drago Serrano","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79617","url":null,"abstract":"Biodeterioration is defined as the undesirable change in the properties of materials caused by the activity of biological agents. This process is complex and involves alterations in the physicochemical and mechanical properties by the action of organisms and depends on the microorganisms involved, type of substrate, and environmental conditions. The biodeterioration of cultural heritage is the physical or chemical damage caused by microorganisms on objects, monuments, or buildings that belong to the cultural heritage. Among the main materials that can be affected are: stone, metal, ceramic, polymers, and other materials. Among the main undesirable effects to these materials are: discoloration, dissolution, rupture, and efflorescence among others. Biofilms represent the usual form of growth of bacteria and consist of communities of microorganisms that grow attached to an inert surface or a living tissue, surrounded by an extracellular matrix that they themselves synthesize. The importance of biodeterioration by biofilms is mainly related to changes in pH values, ionic concentrations, oxide-reduction reactions in the biofilm thickness, and in the interface with the substrate and enzymatic degradation. This chapter presents evidence of the participation of biofilms and associated mechanisms in biodeterioration as well as the main prevention and control strategies.","PeriodicalId":233468,"journal":{"name":"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods","volume":"11 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127052117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14