{"title":"Air pollution control: policies and legislations.","authors":"S. Ruchi, K. Amit","doi":"10.1079/9781786393890.0198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786393890.0198","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Emerging issues such as climate change, ozone layer depletion and global warming have driven policy makers to put a cap on the emission of pollutants through various legislations. Policies and legislations are the most important instrument for the proper functioning of any sector of society. Through legislative framework and regulatory policies, the fissure between the 'natural environment' and 'human society' can be bridged, which is the need of the hour in order that sustainable development and protection of the environment can progress in parallel. Legislation serves as a valuable tool for educating institutions about their responsibility in maintaining a healthy environment. Legislation has already been put forth at national and international levels but its proper implementation and enforcement has gone unseen. Witnessing the present scenario, more stringent laws need to be framed, especially by global leaders. This chapter highlights the importance of laws and policies and their role in reducing air pollution. It also critically analyses various regulatory measures and policies in the most polluted countries of the world, and what has been achieved through treaties and conventions organized by the United Nations, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Montreal Protocol.","PeriodicalId":233354,"journal":{"name":"Air pollution: sources, impacts and controls","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122607271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anthropogenic sources of air pollution.","authors":"C. Mallik","doi":"10.1079/9781786393890.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786393890.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 While 'Air Pollution' is an alarming term for environmentalists, policy makers, governments and common people, its 'anthropogenic sources' make it a formidable hazard to deal with. The universal dependence of humanity on fossil fuels, which has changed the way human beings live and breathe on this planet, has been a catastrophe for human health and the Earth's environment. Although there exists a myriad of anthropogenic air pollutants, their human-made sources, dominated by the combustion of fossil fuels, can be conveniently grouped into a few major sectors (energy, industry, agriculture and waste) for the purpose of comparison across various temporal and spatial domains, and the formulation of strategies to monitor and control their emissions. While hundreds of anthropogenic air pollutants are toxic, there exist six ubiquitous air pollutants which are regulated by the governments in most countries due to their significant harmful impacts on human health and the environment. The association of anthropogenic air pollutants and their emission sources is documented in the form of emission inventories, spanning local, regional and global domains. This chapter provides an overview of the types of air pollutants, their primary sources, and the estimate of their global emission strengths as represented in emission inventories.","PeriodicalId":233354,"journal":{"name":"Air pollution: sources, impacts and controls","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131963548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Indices used for assessment of air quality.","authors":"R. Prashant, G. Singh, G. Tarun","doi":"10.1079/9781786393890.0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786393890.0096","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Copious evidence suggests that rapid urbanization and widespread anthropogenic activities are the main factors resulting in high levels of ambient air pollutant over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in India. Continuous monitoring of levels of air pollutants affecting air quality, human health and the ecosystem is essentially required on a day-to-day basis. The influence of pollutants on the air quality, human health and susceptibility of plants is studied widely with the help of various indices, e.g. air-quality index (AQI), air-quality health index (AQHI), air-pollution index (API), air-pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anticipated performance index. In this chapter, we discuss the important indices: AQI, AQHI, API and APTI. As a case study, we have discussed in detail the AQI. We report on the status of ambient air quality (for the year 2016) over the IGP, utilizing the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board, India) database. Air quality index (AQI) values have been presented systematically in this chapter to better evaluate the air quality associated with various major and potential atmospheric pollutants (available in CPCB database). Ambient data of air pollutants (PM2.5 or PM10, SO2, NO, NO2 and CO) have been retrieved from three sites continuously monitored by CPCB: upwind (Panchkula; states of Haryana), central (Lucknow; states of Uttar Pradesh) and downwind locations (Kolkata; West Bengal) in the IGP. Monthly and seasonally averaged data sets have been discussed and compared for the aforementioned three sites. Results suggest that Lucknow (in central IGP) was more polluted than the Kolkata and Panchkula sites (upwind of major polluting sources in the IGP). Relative to Lucknow, low concentrations of air pollutants at Kolkata suggests the influence of sea- and land-breeze wind systems on ventilation coefficient and efficient dispersion of the pollutants. AQI values at Kolkata ranging between 27 and 137 indicate a good to moderately polluted atmospheric scenario. However, AQI at Lucknow ranging between 301 and 400 indicates very poor air quality, particularly during post-monsoon and wintertime, whereas at Panchkula during most of the time, air quality was found to be satisfactory (AQI: 51-100). The present synthesis documents the air quality scenario over the IGP in a versatile and simplified manner that can be also be utilized for public awareness.","PeriodicalId":233354,"journal":{"name":"Air pollution: sources, impacts and controls","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114154417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transport of air pollutants.","authors":"C. Naveen, G. Vineet","doi":"10.1079/9781786393890.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786393890.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Rapid population and economic growth and continuing industrialization have led to a significant rise in the levels of air pollutants in the Earth's atmosphere. The emission of pollutants from localized sources can impact the regional and global air quality through both dynamical and chemical processes in the atmosphere. Here, we discuss some of the important dynamical processes in the atmosphere and their impacts on the burden of pollutants in the troposphere - a region of the atmosphere where the impacts are directly experienced by humans and ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":233354,"journal":{"name":"Air pollution: sources, impacts and controls","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124807560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Methods for the measurement of air pollutants.","authors":"S. Tiwari, M. Neha","doi":"10.1079/9781786393890.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786393890.0055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Currently, air pollution is one of the most imperative problems and has a major role in global climate change and premature deaths throughout the world. Various types of air pollutants (e.g. particulate matter, NOx, SOx, CO and O3) are present in the atmosphere and have significant effects on human health, agriculture, weather and climate. Accurate measurements of air pollutants on local, regional and global levels at high spatial and temporal resolution are needed to quantify their distribution and resulting impacts. Real-time ground-level measurements of air pollutants help to understand secondary aerosol formation through atmospheric chemical transformation. On the other hand, satellite measurements of air pollutants and trace gases provide a good platform to understand the current scenario of air quality and future climate change on a global scale. Measuring air pollutants with higher accuracy is challenging because of a variety of considerations, including their chemical composition, lifetime, emission sources and complex instrumentation. A continuous improvement in air pollutant measurement techniques and instrumentation has occurred during the last two decades; however, more efforts are needed to achieve more realistic data with higher accuracy. In this chapter, an overview of various measurement techniques of air pollutants (from ground-based and satellite-based measurements) are presented.","PeriodicalId":233354,"journal":{"name":"Air pollution: sources, impacts and controls","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125102336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biogenic sources of air pollution.","authors":"K. Harpreet, K. Ruchi","doi":"10.1079/9781786393890.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786393890.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Volatile organic compounds emitted from a variety of biogenic sources such as plants, soil and microorganisms play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. With the rapidly changing scenarios of land use, land cover, temperature regimes and pollution, significant outcomes can be expected from an increase in such biogenic sources. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first section deals with the role of important biogenic volatile organic compounds in atmospheric chemistry, such as ozone formation and secondary organic aerosol formation, etc. The second section focuses on soil as a contributor of these volatiles. A number of studies have focused on the contribution of various plant species in volatile carbon emission; however, the role of soil has not been discussed in detail. A variety of global change components, such as increased carbon dioxide levels and tropospheric ozone land use, are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":233354,"journal":{"name":"Air pollution: sources, impacts and controls","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131958858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of air pollution on the environment and economy.","authors":"S. Saurabh, M. Vandana","doi":"10.1079/9781786393890.0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786393890.0113","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 It is the predicament of mankind that man can perceive the problematique, yet, despite his considerable knowledge and skills, he does not understand the origins, significance, and interrelationships of its many components and thus is unable to devise effective responses. This failure occurs in large part because we continue to examine single items in the problematique without understanding that the whole is more than the sum of its parts, that change in one element means change in the others.","PeriodicalId":233354,"journal":{"name":"Air pollution: sources, impacts and controls","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125859908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cost-effective technologies used to curb air pollution.","authors":"R. Singh, Saumya Singh","doi":"10.1079/9781786393890.0165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786393890.0165","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Attention to the air-pollution problem is being given by the scientific community and overall global community because of the scale of its impact on human health, the living environment and climate change. Efforts to reduce air pollution have stepped up in various parts of the world. In general, technology plays a significant role in dealing with air pollution and other environmental problems faced by every section of society. In this chapter, various available technologies to curb air pollution are discussed with a focus on some cost-effective technologies. The use of air-pollutant control technologies depends upon regulatory compliance and cost-effectiveness. In the present scenario, most of the commercially available technologies, such as electrostatic precipitator (ESP), scrubs and cyclone, are efficient, but the economical operation is still questionable because the available effective pollution control technologies are not always economically viable and environmentally sound. The cost-effectiveness of any technology also varies with the level of operation, the nature of the pollutant and achievable regulatory compliance, and requires an assessment of its potential today and in the future. Some emerging cost-effective and economically viable technologies are being processed and some are at a developmental stage, such as biofiltration, phytoremediation and carbon capture technologies, which have shown potential to curb atmospheric air pollutants. In this chapter, some recent and cost-effective technologies will be discussed, although some technologies are still in the infancy stage and have limited efficiency which requires further research and development to commercially exploit these emerging technologies.","PeriodicalId":233354,"journal":{"name":"Air pollution: sources, impacts and controls","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122132084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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