Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East最新文献

{"title":"Why Federalism?","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9781800610064_0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800610064_0002","url":null,"abstract":"Why do we have state and local governments? Why not govern the entire nation from Washington? Why not have a unitary government—a centralized regime responsible to all the people and capable of carrying out uniform policies throughout the country? Advantages of Federalism The argument for American federalism—for dividing powers between national and state governments (and for further dividing state powers among many types of local governments)—centers on the advantages of decentralization, which are as follows: 1. Federalism permits diversity. Local governments may deal directly with local problems. The entire nation is not straitjacketed with a uniform policy to which every state and community must conform. State and local governments may be better suited to deal with specific state and local problems. Washington bureaucrats do not always know the best solution for problems in Commerce, Texas. 2. Federalism helps manage conflict. Permitting states and communities to pursue their own policies reduces the pressures that would build up in Washington if the national government had to decide everything. Federalism permits citizens to decide many things at the state and local levels of government and avoid battling over single national policies to be applied uniformly throughout the land. 3. Federalism disperses power. The widespread distribution of power is generally regarded as a protection against tyranny. To the extent that pluralism thrives in the United States, state and local governments have contributed to its success. State and local governments also provide a political base for the survival of the opposition party when it loses national elections. 4. Federalism increases political participation. It allows more people to run for and hold political office. Nearly a million people hold some kind of political office in counties, cities, townships, school districts, and special districts. These local leaders are often regarded as closer to the people than Washington officials. Public opinion polls show that Americans believe that their local governments are more manageable and responsive than the national government. 5. Federalism improves efficiency. Even though we may think of eighty thousand governments as inefficient, governing the entire nation from Washington would be even worse. Imagine the bureaucracy, red tape, delays, and confusion if every government activity in every community in the nation—police, schools, roads, fire departments, garbage collections, sewage disposal, street lighting, and so on—were controlled by a central government in Washington. Even in the Soviet Union, where centralized discipline and party control are a matter of political …","PeriodicalId":224718,"journal":{"name":"Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134268634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Libya: Back to the Future?","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9781800610064_0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800610064_0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224718,"journal":{"name":"Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115526892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yemen: In Search of Stability","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9781800610064_0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800610064_0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224718,"journal":{"name":"Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115589265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iraq: A Work in Progress","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9781800610064_0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800610064_0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224718,"journal":{"name":"Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125267715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The State and the Problem of Legitimate Order in the Middle East","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9781800610064_0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800610064_0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224718,"journal":{"name":"Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122061140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FRONT MATTER","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9781800610064_fmatter","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800610064_fmatter","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224718,"journal":{"name":"Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130986017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BACK MATTER","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9781800610064_bmatter","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800610064_bmatter","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224718,"journal":{"name":"Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127819396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9781800610064_0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800610064_0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224718,"journal":{"name":"Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126291307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syria: Not If, But When","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9781800610064_0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800610064_0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224718,"journal":{"name":"Federal Solutions for Fragile States in the Middle East","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124567062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}