Structural InjusticePub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0003
M. Powers
{"title":"What Justice Is","authors":"M. Powers","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The overarching question in this chapter is, what makes this theory—indeed, any theory—a theory of justice? Five criteria prominently discussed in the literature—special importance, stringency, claimability, specificity, and rightful enforceability—are examined. The position defended in this book is developed with respect to each criterion. In addition, two norms of structural unfairness pertaining to differentials of power and advantage are distinguished, as are the ways in which each differs from human rights norms. We look first at the ordinary language used in situations of everyday experience. We then extrapolate from basic intuitions about relatively simple patterns of unfairness in interpersonal relationships to gain a better understanding of fairness norms, applicable in more complex contexts where an array of institutions and social practices structure relationships between social groups.","PeriodicalId":221322,"journal":{"name":"Structural Injustice","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130684105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structural InjusticePub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0005
M. Powers
{"title":"Well-Being and Human Rights","authors":"M. Powers","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter demonstrates how the conception of well-being developed in this book is a crucial part of the rationale for human rights. A variant of interest-based theories of human rights is defended against a number of objections. These objections include criticisms raised by proponents of control theories, dignity-based theories, and critics who maintain that the function of human rights is not limited to considerations of how human rights matter to the right-holder. The argument builds on an account of the contingent, but widespread linkage between structural unfairness and human rights violations to defend a pragmatic approach to problems of assigning responsibility for human rights. It addresses the specification of counterpart duties that correlate with human rights claims, and it offers guidance on questions pertaining to the more general responsibilities of institutional agents, paradigmatically nation-states, for maintaining background conditions of structural fairness.","PeriodicalId":221322,"journal":{"name":"Structural Injustice","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126849467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structural InjusticePub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0008
M. Powers
{"title":"Resistance to Injustice","authors":"M. Powers","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines forms of justified resistance and other remedial strategies available directly to the aggrieved in circumstances in which states are unwilling or unable to secure human rights and address patterns of structural unfairness so often at the root of human rights violations. Forms of resistance involving direct action designed to halt unjust activities or force the divestment of undeserved benefits are central to the discussion. Several counterarguments are explored, including the contention that familiar forms of direct action constitute morally impermissible vigilantism or indiscriminately affect innocent beneficiaries. The chapter concludes with thoughts about how direct action, while far from the comprehensive kind of prevention and remedy that structural injustice demands, nevertheless can have value by enhancing the well-being of those who are deeply disadvantaged and relatively powerless.","PeriodicalId":221322,"journal":{"name":"Structural Injustice","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129921668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structural InjusticePub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0004
M. Powers
{"title":"Structural Injustice","authors":"M. Powers","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This book develops a theory of structural injustice that forges important links between human rights norms and fairness norms. Norms of both kinds are underpinned by a conception of well-being. This conception provides the foundation for human rights, explains the depth of unfairness of systematic patterns of disadvantage, and locates the fundamental unfairness of power relations in forms of control some groups have over the well-being of other groups. In addition, the theory applies to circumstances in which structurally unfair patterns of power and advantage and human rights violations are routinely intertwined. Unlike theories tailored to circumstances in which structural injustices emerge from largely benign social processes, this theory addresses more typical patterns of structural injustice in which the wrongful conduct of identifiable agents is manifested in creating or sustaining mutually reinforcing forms of injustice. These patterns exist both within different types of nation-states and in interactions across national boundaries. However, the theory rejects the claim that for a structural theory to be so broadly applicable its central claims must be universally endorsable within multiple ethical frameworks. Instead, the theory draws support from examples of structural injustice around the world, and the insights and perspectives of related social movements. The theory also differs from approaches that make enhanced democratic decision-making or the global extension of republican institutions the centerpiece of their proposed remedies. Its focus is on justifiable forms of resistance in circumstances in which institutions are unwilling or unable to address pressing issues of injustice.","PeriodicalId":221322,"journal":{"name":"Structural Injustice","volume":"367 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115978826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structural InjusticePub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0006
M. Powers
{"title":"The Responsibility of States","authors":"M. Powers","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the rationale for the special responsibility of nation-states to secure human rights and structural justice. It explains what makes states unique moral agents, in particular their responsibility to address structurally unjust conditions that give rise to human rights violations within their borders. However, it rejects prominent arguments for the conclusion that states have only a preventive and remedial role in the presence of domestic structural unfairness and human rights violations. The chapter defends the Principle of Interstate Reciprocity, which sets moral limits on the pursuit of national benefit, global advantage, and the exercise of power over others, and it concludes with an account of four unfair forms of control exercised by various supranational institutions, often in combination with powerful states and other non-state institutional agents.","PeriodicalId":221322,"journal":{"name":"Structural Injustice","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127111071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structural InjusticePub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0007
M. Powers
{"title":"Real-World Examples","authors":"M. Powers","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter utilizes four examples to highlight the characteristic features of structural injustice in a variety of settings around the world. The first section examines how structural injustice operates in environmental “sacrifice zones” both in the US and in low- and middle-income countries. The primary focus of this discussion is the impact on children and future generations. The second section provides a portrait of the kinds of mutually reinforcing mechanisms of structural injustice at work both in US cities and in the rapidly growing urban centers of low- and middle-income countries. The US urban context is examined primarily through the experience of communities of color, especially in areas of concentrated poverty. The experience of women is the centerpiece of the discussion of the slums of low- and middle-income countries. Each example emphasizes experiences and insights of social movement activists, investigative journalists, and non-governmental organizations.","PeriodicalId":221322,"journal":{"name":"Structural Injustice","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133684112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structural InjusticePub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0002
M. Powers
{"title":"Well-Being","authors":"M. Powers","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053987.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter defends a conception of well-being that underpins the theory of structural injustice. The core elements are health; knowledge and understanding; personal security; personal attachments; equal respect; and self-determination. The chapter points out the distinct ways that the conception of human well-being grounds human rights, explains the depth of unfairness of systematic patterns of disadvantage, and locates the fundamental unfairness of power relations in several forms of control some groups have over the most vital well-being interests of other groups. The conception is developed by way of a series of arguments that supports the selection of the core elements, and it offers a defense against a variety of objections to the inclusion of some elements on the list. The way in which the theory rests on a conception of well-being is distinguished from some other ways well-being informs other moral norms and other theories of justice.","PeriodicalId":221322,"journal":{"name":"Structural Injustice","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124701122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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