Medical IsotopesPub Date : 2020-08-21DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.93449
S. A. Naqvi, M. B. Imran
{"title":"Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Radiopharmaceuticals","authors":"S. A. Naqvi, M. B. Imran","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.93449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.93449","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear medicine techniques have a great deal of advantage of using gamma radiation emitter radiolabeled compounds to diagnose the long list of infectious and malignant disorders in human systems. The gamma emitter radionuclide-labeled compounds are associated with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) camera. SPECT camera mainly offers the detection and analysis of gamma rays origin to furnish the imaging of defective organs in the body. There are about 85% radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice which are being detected by SPECT camera. The following chapter is an update about the SPECT radiopharmaceuticals that were developed and tried for infection and cancer diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":221230,"journal":{"name":"Medical Isotopes","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121509429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medical IsotopesPub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92668
D. Chopra
{"title":"Radiolabelled Nanoparticles for Brain Targeting","authors":"D. Chopra","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92668","url":null,"abstract":"Tumors like glioblastoma are inaccessible due to blood brain barrier. The permeability of radioisotopes can be improved by conjugating them with nanoparticles. The most common malignant adult brain tumor is glioblastoma, which has very poor patient prognosis. The mean survival for highly proliferative glioblastoma is only 10–14 months despite an aggressive radiotherapy and chemotherapy following debulking surgery. β− particle emitters like 131I, 90Y, 186/188Re, and 177Lu have been coupled with nanoparticles and used for treatment of glioblastoma. These radiopharmaceutical compounds have resulted in a stabilization and improvement of the neurological status with minimal side effects. Similarly, α particle emitters like 213Bi, 211At, and 225Ac are an innovative and interesting alternative. Alpha particles deliver a high proportion of their energy inside the targeted cells within a few micrometers from the emission point versus several millimeters for β− particles. Thus, α particles are highly efficient in killing tumor cells with minimal irradiation of healthy tissues and permits targeting of isolated tumor cells. This has been confirmed by subsequent clinical trials which showed better therapeutic efficacy and minimal side effects, thus opening a new and promising era for glioblastoma medical care using α therapy.","PeriodicalId":221230,"journal":{"name":"Medical Isotopes","volume":"64 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114423026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medical IsotopesPub Date : 2020-04-24DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91868
Chanchal Deep Kaur, Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, A. Sahu, R. Panik, P. Kashyap, S. Prasad Mishra, Amit Kumar
{"title":"Theranostics: New Era in Nuclear Medicine and Radiopharmaceuticals","authors":"Chanchal Deep Kaur, Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, A. Sahu, R. Panik, P. Kashyap, S. Prasad Mishra, Amit Kumar","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91868","url":null,"abstract":"Malignancy and many inflammatory diseases have become a major concern for mankind over the years. The conventional therapy of these diseases lacks the effectiveness of the better diagnosis and targeted treatment of these diseases, but nuclear medicine can be regarded as a savior in the current scenario. Over the years, radioactivity of radioisotopes has been employed for treatment of many diseases. Nuclear medicines came up with radiopharmaceuticals that impart the ability to destroy specific diseased cells with high-energy-emitting radionuclides. Moreover, the emergence of theranostics, which is a combination of single drug used both for diagnostic as well as therapeutic purpose, has added a new feather in the field of nuclear medicines for providing a specific and personalized treatment to the patient. The current chapter discusses about techniques used for imaging of these radionuclides for better therapy and diagnosis of the root cause of the concerned disease by positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with them. It also describes about applications of theranostics and nuclear imaging in cancer treatment and their future perspective.","PeriodicalId":221230,"journal":{"name":"Medical Isotopes","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122450327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medical IsotopesPub Date : 2019-12-23DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90615
M. Meisenheimer, Y. Saenko, E. Eppard
{"title":"Gallium-68: Radiolabeling of Radiopharmaceuticals for PET Imaging - A Lot to Consider","authors":"M. Meisenheimer, Y. Saenko, E. Eppard","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90615","url":null,"abstract":"Gallium-68 was applied for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging already in the early beginnings of PET imaging. Today, with the introduction of PSMA-targeting tracers (e.g. PSMA-11, PSMA-617, and PSMA-I&T), the number of clinical applications of 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging has grown considerably. This development was initiated and supported already in the mid-2000s by the commercial availability of 68Ge/68Ga generators designed for clinical usage. This progression was accompanied by the development of several purification methods to generator eluate as well as sophisticated 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals. Due to the 68Ga-rush, the need for implementation of gallium-68 (depending on production route) and its certain tracers into the pharmacopeia increased. Based on the specifications given by the pharmacopeia, interest focused on the development of automated synthesis systems, 99mTc-analog kits with regard to patient as well as operator safety.","PeriodicalId":221230,"journal":{"name":"Medical Isotopes","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116939164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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