Cutaneous Melanoma [Working Title]最新文献

{"title":"B-Raf-Mutated Melanoma","authors":"Sarah E Fenton, J. Sosman, S. Chandra","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86615","url":null,"abstract":"Until fairly recently, treatment options for advanced melanoma have been relatively limited. Fortunately, the last decade has seen dramatic improvements in response rates and duration of overall survival after the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies against mutations in the B-isoform of Raf (B-Raf) in metastatic or inoperable melanoma. This book chapter will discuss the role of wild type B-Raf in the cell, the changes induced by mutations in this protein, and current FDA approvals for targeted therapies against B-Raf, both as a monotherapy and in combination with MEK inhibitors. We will also summarize mechanisms of resistance against these targeted therapies as well as novel therapeutic regimens proposed to bypass resistance.","PeriodicalId":221207,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous Melanoma [Working Title]","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114896112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2D Fourier Fractal Analysis of Optical Coherence Tomography Images of Basal Cell Carcinomas and Melanomas","authors":"Wei Gao, Bingjiang Lin, V. Zakharov, O. Myakinin","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89196","url":null,"abstract":"The optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique is applied in the diagnosis of the skin tissue. In general, quantitative imaging features obtained from OCT images have already been used as biomarkers to categorize skin tumors. Particularly, the fractal dimension (FD) could be capable of providing an efficient approach for analyzing OCT images of skin tumors. The 2D Fourier fractal analysis (FFA) as well as the differential box counting method (DBCM) was used in this paper to classify the basal cell carcinomas (BCC), melanomas, and benign melanocytic nevi. Generalized estimating equations were used to test for differences between skin tumors. Our results showed that the significant decrease of the 2D FD was detected in the benign melanocytic nevi and basal cell carcinomas as compared with the melanomas. Our results also suggested that the 2D FFA could provide a more efficient way to calculating FD to differentiate the basal cell carcinomas, melanomas, and benign melanocytic nevi as compared to the 2D DBCM.","PeriodicalId":221207,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous Melanoma [Working Title]","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132985451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subungual Melanoma","authors":"Mariana Catalina De Anda Juárez","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.85450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85450","url":null,"abstract":"Subungual melanoma (SUM) is a subtype of acral melanoma. Its incidence in dark phototypes, Hispanics and Asians, is around 20% and accounts for 50% of acral melanomas. It is an infrequent subtype in Caucasians representing only 3%. Subungual melanoma arises from dormant melanocytes in the nail matrix and exceptionally from melanocytes in the nail bed. In its initial phases of radial growth, it presents as longitudinal melanonychia. The differential diagnoses are melanocytic activation (racial, traumatic), nail matrix nevi, and lentigos. Prognosis depends on Breslow depth at diagnosis. For in situ melanoma, treatment consists of conservative surgical removal of the nail unit with 5 mm margins.","PeriodicalId":221207,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous Melanoma [Working Title]","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127197459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormonal Regulation of Cutaneous Melanoma: A Brief Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies and Its Clinical Implication","authors":"P. Ramaraj","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86593","url":null,"abstract":"Skin is an endocrine organ. Skin produces various hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal and sex steroid hormones. This raises the question whether skin cancer melanoma is a hormone dependent cancer. But, a review of in-vivo and in-vitro studies suggested that melanoma could be a hormone responsive cancer or hormone sensitive cancer. In fact, previous clinical study showed that menstruating females were better protected in melanoma than post-menopausal women and men of any age. However, the study did not show any direct effect of steroid hormone on melanoma cells. Our in-vitro study showed that progesterone, a female sex hormone significantly inhibited human melanoma (BLM) cell growth. Progesterone inhibitory effect on other melanoma cell lines was also reported by Fang et al., Moroni et al. and Kanda and Watanbe. So, it was hypothesized that progesterone could be protecting menstruating females in melanoma. Our further research showed that progesterone action was mediated by a specific suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8. Several in-vivo and in-vitro studies showed the importance of IL-8 in the regulation of melanoma growth. Hence, IL-8 could be considered as a potential target for melanoma treatment.","PeriodicalId":221207,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous Melanoma [Working Title]","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128933507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical Protein Kinase Cs in Melanoma Progression","authors":"W. S. Ratnayake, Christopher A. Apostolatos, M. Acevedo-Duncan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83410","url":null,"abstract":"Melanoma is one of the fastest growing types of cancer worldwide in terms of incidence. To date, reports show over 92,000 new cases in the United States in 2018. Previously, we introduced protein kinase C-iota (PKC- ι ) as an oncogene in melanoma. PKC- ι promotes survival and cancer progression along with PKC-zeta( ζ ). In addition, we reported that PKC- ι induced metastasis of melanoma cells by increasing Vimentin dynamics. Our previous results showed that PKC- ι inhibition downregulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), while inducing apoptosis. In this chapter, we summarized these findings which were based on the in-vitro applications of five specific atypical PKC (aPKC) inhibitors. In addition, the underlying mechanisms of the transcriptional regulation of PRKCI gene expression in melanoma is also discussed. Results demonstrated that c-Jun promotes PRKCI expression along with Interleukin (IL)-6/8. Furthermore, forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) acts as a downregulator of PRKCI expression upon stimulation of IL-17E and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in melanoma cells. Overall, the chapter summarizes the importance of PKC- ι / ζ in the progression of melanoma and discusses the cellular signaling pathways that are altered upon inhibitor applications. Finally, we established that aPKCs are effective novel biomarkers for use in the design of novel targeted therapeutics for melanoma. effects of TNF- α stimulation on the expression of aPKCs TNF- α is a cytokine, involved in the early phase of acute inflammation by activating NF- κ B. TNF- α stimulation significantly increased NF- κ B levels in both cytosol and nuclei. Increased NF- κ B production promotes increases in total and phosphorylated aPKCs and increased the levels of Bcl-2, which enhanced melanoma cell survival. We observed amplified levels of I κ B and NF- κ B, which together enhanced the phosphorylation of I κ B due to the augmented levels of aPKCs [23]. On the other hand, PI3K/AKT signaling can be diminished by inhibiting aPKCs via downregulation of NF- κ B. These results confirm that both PKC- ζ and PKC- ι are rooted in cellular survival via NF- κ B and PI3K/AKT pathways. SNAIL1 and PRRX1 are two very important transcription factors and they drive EMT process by upregulating Vimentin while downregulating E-cadherin. PKC- ι activates Vimentin by phosphorylation and this initiates disassembly of VIF and facilitates cellular motility. During this process, cadherin junctions are disrupted as a result of loss of E-cadherin and β -catenin is translocated to nucleus to upregulate the production of facilitating proteins such as CD44 which further stimulate migration and EMT. Activated Vimentin changes cell polarity to maintain the mesenchymal phenotype of melanoma cells in-vitro. in melanoma cells due to elevated transcriptional activity of c-Jun with the aid of PI3K/AKT, NF- κ B, STAT3/5 signaling. The specific inhibition of PKC- ι initiates a disruption to rapid PKC- ι express","PeriodicalId":221207,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous Melanoma [Working Title]","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126941147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}