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Priority Setting Meets Multiple Streams: A Match to Be Further Examined?; Comment on 'Introducing New Priority Setting and Resource Allocation Processes in a Canadian Healthcare Organization: A Case Study Analysis Informed by Multiple Streams Theory' 优先级设置满足多个流:一个需要进一步检查的匹配?对“在加拿大医疗机构引入新的优先级设置和资源分配流程:基于多流理论的案例研究分析”的评论
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 2016-05-16 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2016.58
J. Cumming
{"title":"Priority Setting Meets Multiple Streams: A Match to Be Further Examined?; Comment on 'Introducing New Priority Setting and Resource Allocation Processes in a Canadian Healthcare Organization: A Case Study Analysis Informed by Multiple Streams Theory'","authors":"J. Cumming","doi":"10.15171/ijhpm.2016.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2016.58","url":null,"abstract":"With demand for health services continuing to grow as populations age and new technologies emerge to meet health needs, healthcare policy-makers are under constant pressure to set priorities, ie, to make choices about the health services that can and cannot be funded within available resources. In a recent paper, Smith et al apply an influential policy studies framework - Kingdon's multiple streams approach (MSA) - to explore the factors that explain why one health service delivery organization adopted a formal priority setting framework (in the form of programme budgeting and marginal analysis [PBMA]) to assist it in making priority setting decisions. MSA is a theory of agenda-setting, ie, how it is that different issues do or do not reach a decision-making point. In this paper, I reflect on the use of the MSA framework to explore priority setting processes and how the framework might be applied to similar cases in future.","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126561561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Celebrity Influence? An Observational Study of Consumer Responses on Social Media and on an Internet Search Engine to News of Angelina Jolie's Prophylactic Mastectomies 名人的影响力?一项关于消费者在社交媒体和互联网搜索引擎上对安吉丽娜·朱莉预防性乳房切除新闻反应的观察性研究
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 2015-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2623263
Marco D. Huesch
{"title":"Celebrity Influence? An Observational Study of Consumer Responses on Social Media and on an Internet Search Engine to News of Angelina Jolie's Prophylactic Mastectomies","authors":"Marco D. Huesch","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2623263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2623263","url":null,"abstract":"We sought to explore US individuals’ internet and social media behavior before and after Ms. Angeline Jolie’s disclosure of her BRCA status and prophylactic surgery. All US individuals using Google’s search engine to search for keywords ‘double mastectomy,’ ‘breast cancer,’ or ‘BRCA gene’ between April 21 and May 20, 2013, and all US individuals mentioning keywords on Twitter, blogs and online forums between February 21 through July 20, 2013 were captured. We performed a descriptive analysis of relative daily number of Google searches for keywords and absolute daily mentions on social media of keywords. Google searches for and social media mentions of keywords were immediately but transiently elevated in the several days following Ms. Jolie’s article. Celebrity news can impact individuals for health behavior. Despite apparent transient elevation of US consumer interest in relevant keywords, it is not yet known whether utilization of BRCA gene testing and/or prophylactic surgery will change.","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131200014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The Market Impacts of Pharmaceutical Product Patents in Developing Countries: Evidence from India 发展中国家药品专利的市场影响:来自印度的证据
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 2014-10-01 DOI: 10.1257/AER.20141301
M. Duggan, Craig L. Garthwaite, A. Goyal
{"title":"The Market Impacts of Pharmaceutical Product Patents in Developing Countries: Evidence from India","authors":"M. Duggan, Craig L. Garthwaite, A. Goyal","doi":"10.1257/AER.20141301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/AER.20141301","url":null,"abstract":"In 2005, as the result of a World Trade Organization mandate, India began to implement product patents for pharmaceuticals that were compliant with the 1995 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). We combine pharmaceutical product sales data for India with a newly gathered dataset of molecule-linked patents issued by the Indian patent office. Exploiting variation in the timing of patent decisions, we estimate that a molecule receiving a patent experienced an average price increase of just 3-6 percent with larger increases for more recently developed molecules and for those produced by just one firm when the patent system began. Our results also show little impact on quantities sold or on the number of pharmaceutical firms operating in the market.","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124555503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 89
Innovation Under Regulatory Uncertainty: Evidence from Medical Technology 监管不确定性下的创新:来自医疗技术的证据
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 2014-06-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2853173
Ariel Dora Stern
{"title":"Innovation Under Regulatory Uncertainty: Evidence from Medical Technology","authors":"Ariel Dora Stern","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2853173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2853173","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores how the regulatory approval process affects innovation incentives in medical technologies. Prior studies have found early mover regulatory advantages for drugs. I find the opposite for medical devices, where pioneer entrants spend 34 percent (7.2 months) longer than follow-on entrants in regulatory approval. Back-of-the- envelope calculations suggest that the cost of a delay of this length is upwards of 7 percent of the total cost of bringing a new high-risk device to market. Considering potential explanations, I find that approval times are largely unrelated to technological novelty, but are meaningfully reduced by the publication of objective regulatory guidelines. Finally, I consider how the regulatory process affects small firms' market entry patterns and find that small firms are less likely to be pioneers in new device markets, a fact consistent with relatively higher costs of doing so for more financially constrained firms.","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"290 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116051473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 64
Patent Settlements in the Pharmaceutical Industry: An Antitrust Perspective 制药行业的专利和解:一个反垄断的视角
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-06-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2277508
J. Frank, Wolfgang Kerber
{"title":"Patent Settlements in the Pharmaceutical Industry: An Antitrust Perspective","authors":"J. Frank, Wolfgang Kerber","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2277508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2277508","url":null,"abstract":"Patent settlements between originator and generic firms in the pharmaceutical industry are a controversial topic, both in EU competition policy and U.S. antitrust law. The main concern is that patent settlements, which involve large payments from the originator to generic firms (reverse payments) and simultaneously restrict or delay market entry of generic firms, might have to be regarded as anti-competitive agreements that protect weak and perhaps unjustified patents from challenges. Therefore, certain types of patent settlements might harm consumers, both by defending unjustifiable patents and restricting competition by generic firms. In this article, we use the dispute in U.S. antitrust law between the U.S. antitrust authorities and various U.S. courts about how to deal with patent settlements with reverse payments as a starting point for an economic analysis of this problem. We particularly focus on two aspects: (1) Patent settlements have also to be seen as potentially endangering the already weak mechanisms within patent law for challenging and weeding out weak patents. (2) The incentives for originator and generic firms for negotiating patent settlements depend crucially on the entire institutional framework in pharmaceutical markets. Therefore, the competitive assessment of patent settlements requires the analysis of the interplay between patent law rules, the regulations for drug approval (FDA regulations in the U.S.), antitrust law rules, and, in the U.S., the Hatch-Waxman Act with its specific rules for the relation between originator and generic firms. Important conclusions are the need for a much deeper analysis of this interplay of different regulations, and the insight that the U.S. criteria for assessing patent settlements might not be directly transferable to the EU, due to different institutional frameworks for pharmaceutical markets.","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"36 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116408643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
On the Role of the AIS Practitioner 关于AIS从业者的角色
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2828453
E. Hart, Mark N. Read, Chris McEwan, U. Aickelin, Julie Greensmith
{"title":"On the Role of the AIS Practitioner","authors":"E. Hart, Mark N. Read, Chris McEwan, U. Aickelin, Julie Greensmith","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2828453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2828453","url":null,"abstract":"The AIS field, which seeks to understand immune system operation and exploit these principles in engineering contexts, has been critized for “reasoning by metaphor” [Stepney 05]: algorithms are based on naive biological analogies, are poorly understood, and weekly capture their inspiring biological properties. Various frameworks have been proposed that enable the richness of emergent biological properties to be translated into useful engineered systems. The conceptual framework [Stepney 05] proposed starting with a study of the immunological system, modeling it, and leading to the development of engineering algorithms. [Andrews 08] notes that the framework lacks guidance on selecting biological inspiration for particular engineering domains, and that evaluating a particular domain’s potential requires that it first be modeled. The immuno-engineering framework [Timmis 08], through better grounded in engineering by accounting for the physical properties of engineering systems (e.g. in terms of memory, processing power etc.), suffers the same problem.","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125934373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Patent Prize System to Promote Development of New Antibiotics and Conservation of Existing Ones 促进新抗生素开发和保护现有抗生素的专利奖励制度
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-04-01 DOI: 10.5195/TLP.2012.98
M. Nickas
{"title":"A Patent Prize System to Promote Development of New Antibiotics and Conservation of Existing Ones","authors":"M. Nickas","doi":"10.5195/TLP.2012.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5195/TLP.2012.98","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics are valuable drugs that fight bacterial infections, but our supply of antibiotics is at risk. Existing antibiotics gradually lose their effectiveness due to bacterial resistance, and few new antibiotics are being developed to replace them. A variety of models have been proposed to promote the conservation of existing antibiotics or incentivize private actors, i.e., drug companies, to develop new ones. Previous models, however, all encourage investment in antibiotic research and development via patent rights, which also create an incentive to oversell antibiotics. Because the inappropriate use of antibiotics accelerates the development of resistance, patent rights put the public health objectives of antibiotic development and conservation in tension with one another. This article proposes an antibiotic-specific patent prize system that uncouples the two policy objectives necessary to achieve a stable antibiotic supply. Although others have proposed patent prize systems to promote drug development generally, the system described here is tailored to address the unique features of antibiotic markets.","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130039185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Impact of Star Physicians on Diffusion of a Medical Technology: The Case of Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Surgery 明星医师对医疗技术推广的影响:以腹腔镜胃旁路手术为例
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-03-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2058434
Laura Shinn Storino
{"title":"The Impact of Star Physicians on Diffusion of a Medical Technology: The Case of Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Surgery","authors":"Laura Shinn Storino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2058434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2058434","url":null,"abstract":"Using data on all bariatric surgeries performed in the state of Pennsylvania from 1995 through 2007, this paper uses logistic and OLS regressions to measure the effect of star physicians and star hospitals on the diffusion of an innovation in bariatric surgery called laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery (LGBS). This paper tests for effects at both the hospital and physician level. Compared to hospitals with no star physicians (11% adoption rate), those with star physicians on staff show a much higher adoption rate (89%). Compared to hospitals which are not classified as star hospitals (13% diffusion rate), hospitals with star status show a much higher diffusion rate (87% ) from first quarter 2000 to fourth quarter 2001. At the physician level, the empirical results indicate that star physicians exert positive asymmetric influence on the adoption and utilization rates of non-stars at the same hospital. Star physicians are those who: (i) graduated from a Top 30 medical school or (ii) completed residency at a Top 30 hospital or (iii) are included in a Castle & Connolly Top Doctors ® publication. Star hospitals are those with Council of Teaching Hospital (COTH) certification. The results of this paper support earlier work on the role of key individuals in technology diffusion. It extends research on medical technology diffusion by testing a new data set for a chronic disease treatment.","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125919831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Competitive Effects of Drug Withdrawals 药物戒断的竞争效应
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 2005-03-01 DOI: 10.3386/W11223
J. Cawley, J. Rizzo
{"title":"The Competitive Effects of Drug Withdrawals","authors":"J. Cawley, J. Rizzo","doi":"10.3386/W11223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W11223","url":null,"abstract":"In September 1997, the anti-obesity drugs Pondimin and Redux, ingredients in the popular drug combination fen-phen, were withdrawn from the market for causing potentially fatal side effects. That event provides an opportunity for studying how consumers respond to drug withdrawals. In theory, remaining drugs in the therapeutic class could enjoy competitive benefits, or suffer negative spillovers, from the withdrawal of a competing drug. Our findings suggest that, while the withdrawal of a rival drug may impose negative spillovers in the form of higher patient quit rates, on the whole non-withdrawn drugs in the same therapeutic class enjoy competitive benefits in the form of higher utilization.","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121724118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Welfare Analysis of Product Innovations with an Application to Ct Scanners 产品创新的福利分析及其在Ct扫描仪中的应用
IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic) Pub Date : 1985-10-01 DOI: 10.3386/W1724
M. Trajtenberg
{"title":"The Welfare Analysis of Product Innovations with an Application to Ct Scanners","authors":"M. Trajtenberg","doi":"10.3386/W1724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W1724","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of this paper is to put forward a methodology for the measurement of product innovations using a value metric, i.e., equating the \"magnitude\" of innovations with the welfare gains that they generate. This research design is applied to the case of Computed Tomography (CT) Scanners, a revolutionary innovation in medical technology. The econometric procedure centers on the estimation of a discrete choice model (the nested multinominal logit), that yeilds the parameters of a utility function defined over the-changing-quality dimensions of the innovative product. The estimated flow of social gains from innovation is used primarily to compute a social rate of return to R&D, to explore the interrelation between innovation and diffusion, and to trace the time profile of benefits and costs, the latter suggesting the possible occurance of \"technological cycles\".","PeriodicalId":220467,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Health Law & Policy (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131589620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
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