{"title":"Viruses of Extremely Halophilic Prokaryotes","authors":"Chelsea Truitt, Ratnakar Deole","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96720","url":null,"abstract":"As viruses are known to be the most distinct source of biodiversity, it is not surprising that they are the most abundant biological group in hypersaline environments such as aquatic systems which have saturated salt concentrations. However, of more than 6000 known prokaryote viruses less than 100 are considered to be extremely halophilic (salt loving) and have the ability to infect bacteria. Combination of information obtained from culture dependent and culture independent methods allow better understanding of these viruses. This review will update the advances in halophilic viruses and its impact on the bacteriophage studies.","PeriodicalId":217213,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophages [Working Title]","volume":"515 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132754859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of Phage Therapy in COVID-19 Infection: Future Prospects","authors":"A. Singh, V. K. Gaur, Ankur Kumar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96788","url":null,"abstract":"The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan City, China, in 2019. After that, the outbreak has grown into a global pandemic and definite treatment for the disease, termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is currently unavailable. The slow translational progress in the field of research suggests that a large number of studies are urgently required for targeted therapy. In this context, this hypothesis explores the role of bacteriophages on SARS-CoV-2, especially concerning phage therapy (PT). Several studies have confirmed that in addition to their antibacterial abilities, phages also show antiviral properties. It has also been shown that PT is effective for building immunity against viral pathogens by reducing the activation of NF kappa B; additionally, phages produce the antiviral protein phagicin. Phages can also induce antiviral immunity by upregulating expression of defensin 2. Phages may protect eukaryotic cells by competing with viral adsorption and viral penetration of cells, virus mediated cell apoptosis as well as replication. Moreover, by inhibiting activation of NF-κB and ROS production, phages can down regulate excessive inflammatory reactions relevant in clinical course of COVID-19. In this chapter, we hypothesize that the PT may play a therapeutic role in the treatment of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":217213,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophages [Working Title]","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117216198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Yan, S. Mukhopadhyay, Kenneth K. W. To, S. Leung
{"title":"Potential of Inhaled Bacteriophage Therapy for Bacterial Lung Infection","authors":"Wei Yan, S. Mukhopadhyay, Kenneth K. W. To, S. Leung","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96660","url":null,"abstract":"Phage therapy as a promising alternative antimicrobial to treat multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria related lung infections, has drawn significant attention in clinical trials and bench-scale study in the recent decade, and the therapeutic effect of local delivery of phage has been demonstrated by several clinical reports. This book chapter discusses the current clinical development of inhaled phage therapy followed by the advancement of phage formulation designs for respiratory delivery of phage using various inhalation devices and their in vivo efficacy. The development of combination therapy of phage and antibiotics to combat MDR bacteria associated lung infections is also covered to reflect the current clinical practice. Lastly, we also share our insights on the challenges of advancing inhaled phage therapy and potential directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":217213,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriophages [Working Title]","volume":"1052 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116283012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}