Glutathione in Health and Disease最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Oxidative Changes and Possible Effects of Genetics Polymorphisms of Glutathione S-Transferase in Diabetics Patients with Complications","authors":"Laura Raniere Borges dos Anjos, A. Rebelo, G. Pedrino, R. S. Santos, A. Reis","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76222","url":null,"abstract":"Pancreatic β cells are more sensitive to cytotoxic stress than several other cells due to the expression of very low levels of antioxidant enzymes. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is a detoxification enzyme essential for a cellular protection against oxidative damage. Thus, the objective of this chapter is to verify the impact of the hypothesis of all effects of Glutathione S-transferase polymorphism in patients with diabetic complications. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main secondary complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Notably, the expression of GST genes has been described in different variations as ethnic populations. Some studies have suggested association between genetic polymorphism for GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 and DN, but others do not. The results are still inconsistent and, therefore, more studies are needed to be performed.","PeriodicalId":206587,"journal":{"name":"Glutathione in Health and Disease","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127719954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Glutathione in Viral Diseases of the Central Nervous System","authors":"J. E. Lima","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76579","url":null,"abstract":"The function and physiology of the central nervous system (CNS) can be affected by of bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and viral infections. The neurological effects of viruses are associated with direct infections of structures of the CNS, the migration of infected leukocytes to the CNS, or/and the immune response to control the infection. In all these situations, we have reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. ROS induces several cellular effects, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, DNA damage, senescence, and neurodegeneration. The control of ROS involves the glutathione (GSH) balance, owing to antioxidant activity. Moreover, GSH is related with the transport of endogenous/exogenous molecules to extracellular medium by ABCC1/MRP1 activity. The depletion of GSH levels characterizes viral infections and associated-disease progression. Many studies correlated the GSH levels with immune response and suggest adding the glutathione replenishment to highly active antiviral treatment. Thus, it is important to review the relationship between the CNS, immune response, and GSH levels during neurological viral diseases.","PeriodicalId":206587,"journal":{"name":"Glutathione in Health and Disease","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121459412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Important Functions of GSH-Dependent Enzyme Glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2)","authors":"Christy Xavier, Xiaobin Liu, Yang Liu, Hongli Wu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78653","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated at a very high rate throughout our lives as part of normal aerobic life. Glutathione (GSH), normally an antioxidant molecule that scavenges free radicals, oxidizes to form glutathione mixed disulfide (GSSG). As the GSSG/GSH ratio increases, GSSG naturally adds to other proteins, causing protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation, defined as the reversible formation of a mixed disulfide (PSSG) between protein thiols (P-SH) and glutathione (GSH), appears to be the most important mode of thiol oxidation. In my chapter, we will discuss the important roles of GSH and GSH-dependent enzymes in health and disease, with the emphasis on glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems. Their structures, catalytic reaction mechanisms, major physiological functions, and associations with diseases will be summarized in my chapter. We will also mention how GSH-dependent enzymes play a role in each major organ systems including the nervous, cardiovascular, and visual system.","PeriodicalId":206587,"journal":{"name":"Glutathione in Health and Disease","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126659951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Life Evolution on the Sulfur Cycle: From Ancient Elemental Sulfur Reduction and Sulfide Oxidation to the Contemporary Thiol-Redox Challenges","authors":"R. Burini, H. Kano, Yong‐ming Yu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76749","url":null,"abstract":"Organismal evolution led to innovations in metabolic pathways, many of which certainly modified the surface chemistry of the Earth. Volcanic activity introduced inorganic com pounds (H 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , SO 2 , and H 2 S) driving the metabolism of early organisms of the domains archaea and bacteria. In the absence of light, H 2 S and Fe 2+ would have been the major electron donors and the electron acceptors could be either oxidized species such as the sulfurs, sulfate, and elemental sulfur, or carbon dioxide by the fermentation of acetate (forming methane). Elemental sulfur was produced by the reaction between H 2 S and SO 2 , while anoxygenic photosynthesis may have provided the sulfate which removed oceanic ferrous iron by its precipitation as sulfide into sediments. Hence, the sulfur cycle par ticipation in life evolution comes from ancient anoxygenic elemental sulfur reduction generating environmental sulfide incorporated as mitochondrial Fe-S for the electron-transport chains. Anoxygenic photosynthesis may have provided the necessary sulfate to promote the evolution of sulfate-reducing bacteria. The evolution of oxygenic photosyn thesis provided for diverse metabolic possibilities including non-photosynthetic sulfide oxidation, nitrification, and methanotrophy. An increase in badly insulated wires in the presence of oxygen (with reduced respiratory complexes) and there is leakage of electrons on to molecular oxygen. The electron leakage results in the formation of superoxide anion (SO) that remains within the mitochondrial matrix. If not promptly detoxified by anti-oxidative defenses, SO and its derived-oxidative species can alter cell signaling or attack cell structures leading to cell apoptosis. Sulfur-containing compounds participate either in oxidative stress generation (at endoplasmatic reticulum) or in (thiol) antioxidant defenses (mainly glutathione), thus functioning as redox sensing for enzyme activity and gene expression. Sulfur compounds that contributed for electron leakage and oxidative stress have counteractions by thiol participation either as antioxi - dant defensors and/or as redox-modulators or cell functions, influencing life evolution and contemporary diseases.","PeriodicalId":206587,"journal":{"name":"Glutathione in Health and Disease","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125765462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}