Stainless Steels and Alloys最新文献

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Duplex Stainless Steels: Effect of Reversion Heat Treatment 双相不锈钢:回火热处理的效果
Stainless Steels and Alloys Pub Date : 2019-02-13 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80007
V. Shamanth, K. Ravishankar, K. Hemanth
{"title":"Duplex Stainless Steels: Effect of Reversion Heat Treatment","authors":"V. Shamanth, K. Ravishankar, K. Hemanth","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80007","url":null,"abstract":"Duplex stainless steels present good corrosion resistant and mechanical properties hence they are being used in various pressure boundary components of nuclear power plants such as primary coolant pipes, valves and pump bodies because of the presence of the dual microstructure which consists of equal amounts of austenite and α-ferrite phases. The ratio of austenite and α-ferrite phases mainly depends on the chemical composition. However, when DSS are subjected to the service temperature range of about 300–500°C they undergo embrittlement due to spinodal decomposition of highly alloyed ferrite matrix into iron rich (α) phase and chromium rich (α′) phase. The embrittlement significantly affects impact toughness, tensile strength, ductility, fracture toughness and fatigue behavior limiting the industrial applicability of this steel to temperatures below 280°C. In this chapter, the basic overview of duplex stainless steels and the effect of reversion heat treatment on the thermally embrittled duplex steel is discussed.","PeriodicalId":205557,"journal":{"name":"Stainless Steels and Alloys","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133477046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Entropic Alloys for Cryogenic Applications 低温应用的熵合金
Stainless Steels and Alloys Pub Date : 2018-12-03 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82351
Ruixuan Li, Yong Zhang
{"title":"Entropic Alloys for Cryogenic Applications","authors":"Ruixuan Li, Yong Zhang","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82351","url":null,"abstract":"The entropic alloys can be categorized into four types of alloys, e.g., high-entropy alloys, medium-entropy alloys, low-entropy alloys, and pure metals. The high-entropy alloys are a new kind of materials where the mixing entropy plays an important role in the phase formation. Because of the unique structures, the entropic alloys exhibit many outstanding properties, which even break the performance limits of traditional materials, including the excellent low-temperature properties. The mechanical properties of the entropic alloys serving at low temperature are mainly introduced in this chapter, including strength, plasticity, fracture behaviors, and impact resistance, and the reasons for these behaviors reported in recent years are also summed up.","PeriodicalId":205557,"journal":{"name":"Stainless Steels and Alloys","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116546713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Machining of Stainless Steels and Alloys Using Non-Traditional Machining Processes 使用非传统加工工艺加工不锈钢和合金
Stainless Steels and Alloys Pub Date : 2018-11-21 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81611
R. Rudrapati
{"title":"Machining of Stainless Steels and Alloys Using Non-Traditional Machining Processes","authors":"R. Rudrapati","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81611","url":null,"abstract":"Stainless steels and alloys are characterized primarily by their corrosion resistance, high strength, ductility, etc. used for various advanced applications like automotive and aerospace, sugar refineries, construction materials, etc. Many advanced high-speed machineries /systems need fine quality of parts to provide good performance in its working conditions. The machining of stainless steel and its alloys is of interest, because, of its excellent mechanical properties. Stainless steels and alloys are machined generally by traditional machining processes. But complex shapes and features on products are difficult task with the use of traditional metal cutting techniques. To machine the advanced materials to produce high dimensional accuracy and generation of intricate shapes in difficult-to-machine materials like stainless steels and alloys, nontraditional machining (NTM) techniques are now attractive the viable choices. To attain improved machining performance of the NTM processes, it is always necessary to find the optimal combinations of various process input parameters of those processes. In the present chapter, some aspects of machining of stainless steel and alloys using NTM processes such as electric discharge machining (EDM) and wire EDM, are discussed and some concluding remarks have been drawn from the study.","PeriodicalId":205557,"journal":{"name":"Stainless Steels and Alloys","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130506899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Abrasion-Corrosion of Ferritic Stainless Steel 铁素体不锈钢的磨损腐蚀
Stainless Steels and Alloys Pub Date : 2018-11-14 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81913
Willian Silva Labiapari, M. Ardila, H. Costa, J. Mello
{"title":"Abrasion-Corrosion of Ferritic Stainless Steel","authors":"Willian Silva Labiapari, M. Ardila, H. Costa, J. Mello","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81913","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have measured abrasion-corrosion for biomaterials, alloys, and stainless steel. Despite the considerable effort to understand the synergy between abrasioncorrosion resistance of stainless steel, they have mainly focused on more traditional materials, such as AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steel, and, more recently, on AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel. Little progress has been made to understand this phenomenon for cost-effective ferritic stainless steel. In this chapter, we first show the great potential of the use of ferritic stainless steel in the sugar cane biofuel industry. The influence of their crystallographic texture on the corrosion resistance of 16% Cr ferritic stainless steel (both niobiumstabilized and non-stabilized) is presented and discussed. We also analyses the microabrasion-corrosion performance of ferritic stainless steel with different chemical compositions (11%wt Cr with and without Ti stabilization; 16%wt Cr with and without Nb stabilization) and, for comparative purposes, austenitic stainless steel (18%wt Cr-8%wt Ni) and carbon steel (0.2%wt C). For all materials tested, microabrasion wear coefficients were higher (4x) than those measured under abrasion-corrosion conditions. Friction coefficients could also be measured by a 3D load cell strategically positioned in the specially developed microabrasioncorrosion device, showing a strong reduction (2x) in friction coefficient under abrasioncorrosion conditions when compared with solely abrasion conditions.","PeriodicalId":205557,"journal":{"name":"Stainless Steels and Alloys","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127064646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Phase Transformations in Duplex Stainless Steel: An Assessment by In Situ X-Ray Diffraction 双相不锈钢的相变:原位x射线衍射评价
Stainless Steels and Alloys Pub Date : 2018-11-09 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81128
A. C. D. Rocha, Andrea Pedroza da Rocha Santos, G. Pereira
{"title":"Phase Transformations in Duplex Stainless Steel: An Assessment by In Situ X-Ray Diffraction","authors":"A. C. D. Rocha, Andrea Pedroza da Rocha Santos, G. Pereira","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81128","url":null,"abstract":"Duplex stainless steels (commonly known as DSS) are a class of stainless steels with a microstructure formed by two main phases: ferrite and austenite. They are used in a wide range of applications, such as chemical processing, in maritime environments and in the oil and gas industries. In most cases, DSS are chosen based on their strength and corrosion resistance for various environments. When exposed to temperatures above 600°C though, the balance of alloying elements can be modified due to precipitation of various secondary phases, such as sigma (σ) and chi (χ). The sigma phase is typically enriched with Cr and Mo, so its formation can lead to a drastic deterioration in toughness, corrosion resistance, and weldability of duplex stainless steels. To prevent damages to these steels due to the formation of sigma phase, the understanding of such transformation becomes mandatory, not only during the development of these steels but also during their processing. In this research, samples from a lean duplex steel UNS S32304 are subjected to a temperature of 800°C and analyzed in situ by X-ray diffraction. Thus, the kinetics of phase transformations occurring in duplex stainless steels are observed in real time.","PeriodicalId":205557,"journal":{"name":"Stainless Steels and Alloys","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128751078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
HAZ Phase Transformation and Thermal Damage for Laser Remanufacturing a High-Strength Stainless Steel 激光再制造高强度不锈钢的热影响区相变和热损伤
Stainless Steels and Alloys Pub Date : 2018-11-05 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79910
S. Dong, Xiang-yi Feng, Jinxiang Fang, S. Yan
{"title":"HAZ Phase Transformation and Thermal Damage for Laser Remanufacturing a High-Strength Stainless Steel","authors":"S. Dong, Xiang-yi Feng, Jinxiang Fang, S. Yan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79910","url":null,"abstract":"It briefly introduced laser remanufacturing, which was an advanced repairing method to refabricate damaged components based on laser forming technologies. The possible factors in determining the performance of the laser remanufacturing FV520B were studied by numerical simulation and experimental methods. First, the results of free dilatometry test showed that the volume effect of phase transformations were corresponding to the transformation temperatures and heating rate of the laser process had remarkable effects on the kinetics of phase transformation. In addition, the evolution of temperature fields of the single-pass and multi-layer laser cladding processes were analyzed by numerical simulation method based on deactivate and reactivate element theory. A combined method of dilatometry and metallography was conducted to reveal the effect of cooling condition and phase transformation on the microstructure of HAZ. The maximum temperature of thermal cycle had a dominating effect on the microstructure, microhardness and phase transformation temperature rather than cooling rate. Thermal cycles had a significant effect on the metallographic transformation and consequently decided the mechanical performance. Microhardness and tensile tests were conducted and the results showed that strength and ductility of laser remanufacturing FV520B were equivalent to that of forgings.","PeriodicalId":205557,"journal":{"name":"Stainless Steels and Alloys","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116006730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Low Temperature Plasma Nitriding of Austenitic Stainless Steels 奥氏体不锈钢的低温等离子渗氮
Stainless Steels and Alloys Pub Date : 2018-11-05 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78365
T. Aizawa
{"title":"Low Temperature Plasma Nitriding of Austenitic Stainless Steels","authors":"T. Aizawa","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78365","url":null,"abstract":"A low temperature plasma nitriding process has become one of the most promising methods to make solid-solution hardening by the nitrogen super-saturation, being free from toxicity and energy consumption. High-density radio-frequency and direct current (RF/DC) plasma nitriding process was applied to synthesize the nitrided AISI304 microstructure and to describe the essential mechanism of inner nitriding in this low temperature nitriding (LTN) process. In case of the nitrided AISI304 at 673 K for 14.4 ks, the nitrided layer thickness became 66.5 μm with the surface hardness of 1550 HV and the surface nitrogen content of 9 mass%. This inner nitriding process was governed by the synergetic interrelation among the nitrogen super-saturation, the lattice expansion, the phase transformation, the plastic straining, the microstructure refinement, and the acceleration of nitrogen diffusion. When this interrelation is sustained during the nitriding process, the original austenitic microstructure is homogeneously nitrided to have fine-grained microstructure with the average size of 0.1 μm. Once this interrelation does not work anymore, the homogeneous microstructure changed itself to the heterogeneous one. The plastic straining took place in the selected coarse grains so that the parts of them were only refined. This plastic localization accompanied with the localized phase transformation.","PeriodicalId":205557,"journal":{"name":"Stainless Steels and Alloys","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123499034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Microstructure-Tailored Stainless Steels with High Mechanical Performance at Elevated Temperature 高温下具有高机械性能的微结构定制不锈钢
Stainless Steels and Alloys Pub Date : 2018-11-05 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80468
K. Saeidi, F. Akhtar
{"title":"Microstructure-Tailored Stainless Steels with High Mechanical Performance at Elevated Temperature","authors":"K. Saeidi, F. Akhtar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80468","url":null,"abstract":"Stainless steels are widely used in chemical, structural and automotive applications due to their high room-temperature mechanical properties, toughness, corrosion resistance and low cost. However, tendency and rise in industrial demands for components to be used at high temperature with good mechanical performance and corrosion resistance limit their usage in many applications and narrow down their service criteria. Tailoring the micro- structure, tuning the chemistry, adjusting the phase composition and introducing a dense 3D network of dislocations can tailor and develop stainless steels with high performance for extreme conditions, such as elevated temperatures. In this chapter, the effect of the microstructure of additively manufactured and thermo-mechanically processed stainless steels on the high temperature mechanical performance is discussed and a comparison is made with conventional steels. Moreover, new mechanisms are introduced and discussed co-relating the microstructure and properties.","PeriodicalId":205557,"journal":{"name":"Stainless Steels and Alloys","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115747138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
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