Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Insulin Sensitivity of Term Newborns Exposed <i>in Utero</i> to HIV and Antiretrovirals in Yaoundé","authors":"Francine Mendane Ekobena, Audrey Christance Donfack, Hortence Fouedjio, Suzanne Ngo Um Sap, Martine Claude Etoa Etoga, Mesmin Dehayem, Anne Boli Ongmeb, Gabriel Loni Ekali, Jean Claude Mbanya, Eugène Sobngwi","doi":"10.4236/ojemd.2023.139013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojemd.2023.139013","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Antiretrovirals (ARVs) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are implicated in the onset of insulin resistance. They cross the placental barrier thereby inducing early modifications of the fetal environment. The aim of our study was to assess insulin sensitivity in full-term newborns exposed in utero to HIV and ARVs in Yaoundé. Materials and Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in 2 maternities in the city of Yaoundé from November 2021 to June 2022. We generated two groups of newborns (NBs): one group born to HIV positive mothers on ARVs and the other control group born to HIV negative mothers. Clinical data from mothers and NBs were collected. A homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) like index with C peptide served to assess insulin sensitivity. We used the Spearman correlation to measure the strength of association between insulin sensitivity and the different variables. A p-value Results: Of 70 neonates included, 35 were born to HIV positive mothers on ARVs and 35 to HIV negative mothers. The median age of HIV positive and negative mothers was 30 (27 - 32) and 34 (24 - 47) years, respectively (p = 0.791). The body mass index before pregnancy as well as the average newborn weights were comparable in both groups. The ARV protocol associating Tenofovir, Lamivudine, Efavirenz was used by 97.1% of HIV positive mothers. In the exposed NBs group, C peptide was significantly lower (p blood glucose significantly higher (p - 1.9) and 2 (1.4 - 2.6) (p = 0.001) for exposed and unexposed NBs, respectively. Conclusion: Newborns exposed to HIV and ARVs had lower C peptide levels and were more sensitive to insulin. Close metabolic monitoring of these newborns would allow early diagnosis and management of any glucose regulation disorder.","PeriodicalId":19504,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135749656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Transactivating Function 2 (AF-2) of Estrogen Receptor (ER) α is Indispensable for ERα-mediated Physiological Responses and AF-1 Activity.","authors":"Yukitomo Arao,&nbsp;Katherine J Hamilton,&nbsp;Kenneth S Korach","doi":"10.4236/ojemd.2013.34A2002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojemd.2013.34A2002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Estrogen has various physiological functions and the estrogen receptor (ER) is a key regulator of those functions. ERα is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and that activity is mediated by the transactivating function-1 (AF-1) in the N-terminal domain and transactivating function-2 (AF-2) in the C-terminal ligand-binding domain. The functions of ERα AF-1 and AF-2 have been characterized by various <i>in vitro</i> experiments, however, there is still less information about the <i>in vivo</i> physiological functions of ERα AF-1 and AF-2. Recently, we established a genetically mutated ERα AF-2 knock-in mouse (AF2ERKI) that possesses L543A, L544A mutated-ERα. This AF-2 core mutation disrupted AF-2 function and resulted in ERα null phenotypes. This mouse model revealed that proper AF-2 core structure and function are indispensable for ERα-mediated physiological responses and AF-1 functionality. AF2ER mutation reverses the ERα antagonists to agonists and that activity is mediated by AF-1 solely. The pure antagonist, ICI182780/fulvestrant, activated several estrogen-mediated physiological responses in the AF2ERKI mouse. The AF2ERKI mouse model will be able to discern estrogen physiological functions which involve AF-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":19504,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"3 4B","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6177219/pdf/nihms-985766.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36578058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Obesity and Kidney Function Decline among Non-Diabetic Adults with eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73m²: Results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).","authors":"Anna Malkina,&nbsp;Ronit Katz,&nbsp;Michael G Shlipak,&nbsp;Joachim H Ix,&nbsp;Ian H de Boer,&nbsp;Mark J Sarnak,&nbsp;Matthew Allison,&nbsp;Holly J Kramer,&nbsp;Julie Lin,&nbsp;David Siscovick,&nbsp;Carmen A Peralta","doi":"10.4236/ojemd.2013.32016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojemd.2013.32016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obesity is associated with higher end-stage renal disease incidence, but associations with earlier forms of kidney disease remain incompletely characterized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied the association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with rapid kidney function decline and incident chronic kidney disease in 4573 non-diabetic adults with eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73m² at baseline from longitudinal Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis cohort. Kidney function was estimated by creatinine and cystatin C. Multivariate analysis was adjusted for age, race, baseline eGFR, and hypertension.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age was 60 years old, BMI 28 kg/m², baseline eGFR_Cr 82 and eGFR_Cys 95 ml/min/1.73m². Over 5 years of follow up, 25% experienced rapid decline in renal function by eGFR_Cr and 22% by eGFR_Cys. Incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) developed in 3.3% by eGFR_Cys, 11% by eGFR_Cr, and 2.4% by both makers. Compared to persons with BMI < 25, overweight (BMI 25 - 30) persons had the lowest risk of rapid decline by eGFR_Cr (0.84, 0.71 - 0.99). In contrast, higher BMI categories were associated with stepwise higher odds of rapid decline by eGFR_Cys, but remained significant only when BMI ≥ 35 kg/m² (1.87, 1.41 - 2.48). Associations of BMI with incident CKD were insignificant after adjustment. Large WC and WHR were associated with increased risk of rapid decline only by eGFR_Cys, and of incident CKD only when defined by both filtration markers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Obesity may be a risk factor for kidney function decline, but associations vary by filtration marker used.</p>","PeriodicalId":19504,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"3 2","pages":"103-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32659384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Height-Adjusted Waist Circumference Indices: The Fels Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Roy T Sabo,&nbsp;Chungfeng Ren,&nbsp;Shumei S Sun","doi":"10.4236/ojemd.2012.23006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojemd.2012.23006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>While researchers are increasingly recognizing the importance of adjusting waist circumference (WC) for height, no standard has yet been established. In this study we contrast three standard methods for indexing WC by height (using height, root-height and height-squared) via comparisons with age-specific optimal indices.</p><p><strong>Study design and setting: </strong>Measurements from 722 male and 746 female Caucasian participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study were used. The three standard waist-circumference indices (as well as an optimal index) were determined for ages 2 through 18, and for every decade thereafter to 70 years of age. Pearson correlations were used to assess the suitability of all indices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The three standard indices remain correlated with the original WC measures, though each was associated with height at some ages. Waist-to-height ratio is suitable for some childhood ages (boys: 5 - 9, 13 - 16; girls: 4 - 7, 9, 11 - 14) but not for adult ages; Root-height works well mostly for older teenage children and adults but not in early childhood and adolescence; Height-squared is nowhere suitable. In both men and women, the optimal indexing factor ranged between root-height and height-squared in childhood, and is close to root-height in adulthood.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>No one index is most suitable, as WC indexed by root-height is suitable for use with measurements from teenage children and adults, while waist-to-height ratio is generally suitable for use in children. WC indexed by height-squared is nowhere suitable.</p>","PeriodicalId":19504,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"2 3","pages":"40-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4079075/pdf/nihms-554513.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32484578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}