Tropical Forests - New Edition最新文献

Physicochemistry and Utilization of Wood Vinegar from Carbonization of Tropical Biomass Waste 热带生物质废弃物炭化木醋的理化及利用研究

Tropical Forests - New Edition Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77380

Y. Theapparat, A. Chandumpai, DamrongsakFaroongsarng

{"title":"Physicochemistry and Utilization of Wood Vinegar from Carbonization of Tropical Biomass Waste","authors":"Y. Theapparat, A. Chandumpai, DamrongsakFaroongsarng","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77380","url":null,"abstract":"Pyroligneous acid also called wood vinegar is an aqueous liquid produced from pyrolysis of lignocellulose waste and biomass. In general, the pyrolysis types are classified base on heating rate mainly either fast or slow pyrolysis. The characteristic and properties of wood vinegar are primarily influenced by the type of carbonaceous feedstocks as well as the production techniques. Wood vinegar is a complex mixture of polar and non-polar chemicals with various molecular weights and compositions. Its major constituent is water (80 – 90%). Some physical properties; such as pH, specific gravity, dissolved tar content are, respectively, within the range of 2 – 4, 1.005 – 1.016 g/mL, 0.23 – 0.89% wt, and color, odor and transparency have been reported. In addition, the degree of o Brix was ranged between 1.7 and 6.6. Besides water, the chemical compositions of wood vinegars consisted of acetic acid with the largest component (30.45 – 70.60 mg.mL (cid:1) 1 ). A high number of phenol derivatives have been found and those in higher concentrations were 4-propyl-2-methoxyphenol (5 – 11 mg.mL (cid:1) 1 ) followed by 2-methylphenol (2 – 4 mg.mL (cid:1) 1 ). Wood vinegar has been regarded as a natural product, which claimed to be capable in several fields of application. In agriculture, wood vinegar has been used in vegetable cropping in order to combat disease, pest control, improve growth and fruit quality, seed germination accelerator","PeriodicalId":194829,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Forests - New Edition","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114473263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 37

People’s Perceptions of Ecosystem Services Provided by Tropical Dry Forests: A Comparative Case Study in Southern Ecuador 人们对热带干燥森林提供的生态系统服务的看法:厄瓜多尔南部的比较案例研究

Tropical Forests - New Edition Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75081

Verónica Iñiguez-Gallardo, Zeina Halasa, J. Briceño

引用次数: 9

South China Tropical Forest Changes in Response to Economic Development and Protection Policies 经济发展与保护政策对华南热带森林变化的响应

Tropical Forests - New Edition Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73296

Shudong Wang, Taixia Wu

{"title":"South China Tropical Forest Changes in Response to Economic Development and Protection Policies","authors":"Shudong Wang, Taixia Wu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73296","url":null,"abstract":"The destruction of tropical forests continues to attract attention from the international community. China’s National Forest Administration has adopted protective measures for tropical forests, and efforts have been developed to balance forest protection and eco - nomic development in Hainan Island, China. However, the response of natural tropical forest to local economic development and the effectiveness of forest management and protection policies remain unclear because of complexity of tropical evergreen ecosys -tems. After comprehensive analysis of spectral characteristics, spatial distribution, patch shape, and other characteristics of main forests, we developed an information extraction method based on the decision tree method, combining digital elevation model (DEM) and forest planning maps, and established flowcharts and processes for sophisticated object-based information extraction. The accuracy of our method was 92%, and the method proved to be applicable and effective in the classification of complex surface features in a tropical evergreen ecosystem. Forces resulting in the change of these forests were explored by analyzing the relationships between economic development, protec tion policies, as well as environmental factors.","PeriodicalId":194829,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Forests - New Edition","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124870622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Physicochemical Foliar Traits Predict Assemblages of Litter/ Humus Detritivore Arthropods 叶理化性状预测凋落物/腐殖腐植节肢动物组合

Tropical Forests - New Edition Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75076

M. F. Barberena-Arias, E. Cuevas

{"title":"Physicochemical Foliar Traits Predict Assemblages of Litter/ Humus Detritivore Arthropods","authors":"M. F. Barberena-Arias, E. Cuevas","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75076","url":null,"abstract":"Plant functional traits influence the decomposition of their own residues occurring under- neath individual plant species. Arthropods associated to litter are critical components influencing decomposition. Nevertheless, few studies have established a direct relation between plant traits and belowground arthropods. To address this relation at the individual plant species scale, this study was conducted in the Guánica dry forest, Puerto Rico, by selecting five tree species and ten isolated trees/species where variations due to neighbor trees are reduced. Mature green leaves, litter, and associated arthropods were sampled from November 2004 through September 2005. Collected arthropods were counted and classified, and abundances were standardized to ind/m 2 . Arthropod abundance did not differ among plant species, but richness, and species and trophic composition were differ- ent among the plant species. Predators, omnivores, and sucking herbivores showed a similar species composition among plant species, while detritivore was the only trophic groups with a different species composition among plants. These results are further supported by canonical correspondence analysis results showing that detritivore arthro- pod species composition covaries with the physicochemical characteristics of mature green leaves of plants. These findings support that the plant idiosyncratic characteristics affect the structure of litter/humus arthropods up to the first consumer level.","PeriodicalId":194829,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Forests - New Edition","volume":"311 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131724499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

A Re-Examination of the Validity of the “Separative and Exclusive Conservation Model”: Insights from an Ethnobiological Study in Maluku, East Indonesia 对“分离与排他性保护模式”有效性的再检验:来自印尼东部马鲁古地区民族生物学研究的见解

Tropical Forests - New Edition Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76819

M. Sasaoka

{"title":"A Re-Examination of the Validity of the “Separative and Exclusive Conservation Model”: Insights from an Ethnobiological Study in Maluku, East Indonesia","authors":"M. Sasaoka","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76819","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to examine the validity and desirability of “separative conservation model,” a conservation model, which tries to separate human use areas from wildlife habitats to protect “intact nature.” In mountain areas of central Seram, East Indonesia, local people have created and maintained various types of human-modified forests (HMFs) through arboriculture. Among them, some of damar forests and forest gardens are distributed inside the Manusela National Park in central Seram. Principally, the Indonesian national park management authority has adopted the “separative conservation model” and basically forbids local arboricultural activities for creating HMFs by cutting wild trees inside a national park. In this chapter, I first describe how the locals have formed HMFs through arboricultural and how resources provided from those HMFs support local livelihood. After that, I describe local knowledge on behavior of a flagship species of Wallacea Moluccan cockatoo and its habitat utilization. Then, I evaluate how some types of HMFs function as habitats for the Moluccan cockatoo by analyzing transect survey data. Finally, I provide implications for future conservation and research.","PeriodicalId":194829,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Forests - New Edition","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128036851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tropical Forests Are An Ideal Habitat for Wide Array of Wildlife Species 热带森林是各种野生动物的理想栖息地

Tropical Forests - New Edition Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73315

M. Rajpar

{"title":"Tropical Forests Are An Ideal Habitat for Wide Array of Wildlife Species","authors":"M. Rajpar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73315","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical forests are one of the most diverse (1 ha may contain more than 1000 plant species) and highly productive ecosystems on the earth. They cover 15.0% of the earth ’ s surface and harbored 80% terrestrial biodiversity. Tropical forests are home to thousands of endemic, rare, endangered, and threatened wildlife species, which play a significant role in ecosystem functions, such as pest control, pollinators, and seed dispersal. Wildlife species are bioindicators of the tropical forest ecosystems, that is, their presence or absence may provide the information about the habitat dynamics, such as vegetation structure, food resources, productivity, and anthropogenic disturbances. Despite being rich in wildlife resources, tropical forests have been extensively lost and degraded by human inter- vention, and their destruction is still continuous in a variety of ways. The current information on the tropical forests as an ideal habitat for a wide array of wildlife species is inadequate. It is highly essential to examine with solid grasp the suitability of the tropical forest as attractive habitat for diversity of wildlife species to understand their functional role fragile forest ecosystem and to formulate the better conservation and management strategies in future.","PeriodicalId":194829,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Forests - New Edition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129967023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Methods to Evaluate Land-Atmosphere Exchanges in Amazonia Based on Satellite Imagery and Ground Measurements 基于卫星影像和地面测量的亚马逊地区陆地-大气交换评价方法

Tropical Forests - New Edition Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75194

G. Oliveira, N. Brunsell, E. Moraes, Y. Shimabukuro, G. Mataveli, T. V. Santos, C. Randow, L. Aragão

{"title":"Methods to Evaluate Land-Atmosphere Exchanges in Amazonia Based on Satellite Imagery and Ground Measurements","authors":"G. Oliveira, N. Brunsell, E. Moraes, Y. Shimabukuro, G. Mataveli, T. V. Santos, C. Randow, L. Aragão","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75194","url":null,"abstract":"During the last three decades, intensive campaigns and experiments have been con- ducted for acquiring micrometeorological data in the Amazonian ecosystems, which has increased our understanding of the variation, especially seasonally, of the total energy available for the atmospheric heating process by the surface, evapotranspiration and carbon exchanges. However, the measurements obtained by such experiments generally cover small areas and are not representative of the spatial variability of these processes. This chapter aims to discuss several algorithms developed to estimate surface energy and carbon fluxes combining satellite data and micrometeorological observations, high lighting the potentialities and limitations of such models for applications in the Amazon region. We show that the use of these models presents an important role in understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of biophysical surface parameters in a region where most of the information is local. Data generated may be used as inputs in earth system surface models allowing the evaluation of the impact, both in regional as well as global scales, caused by land-use and land-cover changes.","PeriodicalId":194829,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Forests - New Edition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130761609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Enhanced Phylogenetic Diversity of Anuran Communities: A Result of Species Loss in an Agricultural Environment 农业环境下物种损失导致的无尾猴群落系统发育多样性增强

Tropical Forests - New Edition Pub Date : 2018-02-01 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72256

V. Lipinski, Samanta Iop, A. Schuch, T. G. Santos

{"title":"Enhanced Phylogenetic Diversity of Anuran Communities: A Result of Species Loss in an Agricultural Environment","authors":"V. Lipinski, Samanta Iop, A. Schuch, T. G. Santos","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72256","url":null,"abstract":"The great environmental changes induced by anthropogenic activities reshaped many ecosystem processes. Thus, the previously natural landscapes have been turned into mosaics of natural and seminatural lands embedded into human-modified landscape. To understand effects of these landscape modifications on the anuran communities, we aimed to compare pond-breeding anuran communities in a well-preserved forest with communities in agricultural landscape. We tested the values of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity, by analyzing four data matrixes containing environmental, phy- logenetic, morphological and abundance information from 15 anuran species along this environmental gradient. Our analysis showed that only the phylogenetic component of the diversity was linked to the changes on the gradient and that the loss of environmental quality generates enhanced phylogenetic diversity. We showed that the anthropogenic disturbance acts negatively on anuran communities, forcing the species to adapt and behave like generalist species in order to survive at the modified places now available, where there were well-preserved forests before the humans changed it.","PeriodicalId":194829,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Forests - New Edition","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127872499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1