Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Ebola Virus Disease: Progress So Far in the Management of the Disease","authors":"G. Engwa","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79053","url":null,"abstract":"Ebola virus disease is one of the most deadly emerging infectious diseases in the world which causes severe haemorrhagic fever, with a mortality rate of 50 – 90%. Following the largest outbreak in West Africa in 2014 which was the most deadly of all time challenging global health, so much concern has been tilted towards the management of the disease. Some of the major global challenges that prolonged and escalated the gravity of the 2014 outbreak were the lack of prompt, reliable and affordable diagnostic tools, but most importantly no specific treatment and vaccines were available to manage the infection. Though certain non-licensed experimental drugs as well as vaccines were introduced during the 2014 outbreak that contributed towards the control of the epidemic, their efficacy was yet to be confirmed in randomized trials. Presently, a few rapid diagnostic test kits have been approved by FDA and WHO. Also, several experimental drugs and vaccines are undergoing randomized clinical trials with a few currently at phase III. Thus, it is our hope that most of these drugs and vaccines will be available in future to better manage re-emerging Ebola infections or outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":189854,"journal":{"name":"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129868653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV/AIDS in a Community of Western Cameroon","authors":"S. Lendzele","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77086","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims at raising awareness on the prevailing HIV/AIDS situation in a com- munity of West Cameroon. Overall prevalence was 5.21%. Males were more infected than females and individuals ≥ 36 years old recorded highest prevalence. There was no signifi - cant difference in prevalence with profession, analysis based on marital status revealed that unmarried were more infected as compared to married, based on the motif of test, those who made the test because of sickness were infected than those who did for preg nancy purpose. The year interval [2014-2016] recorded highest prevalence as compared to other year-intervals; usage of condom in sexual practice for prevention in such individuals showed low prevalence as compared to individuals who did not consider such a prevention option. HIV/AIDS prevails in the Fondonera Community of west region and serious sensitization on its occurrence/level is of vital importance to prevent future infections.","PeriodicalId":189854,"journal":{"name":"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine","volume":"752 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132868479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indonesia Dengue Fever: Status, Vulnerability, and Challenges","authors":"B. Haryanto","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82290","url":null,"abstract":"In Indonesia, the incidence rate (IR) of dengue fever reported increase almost in every year since the first cases were found in 1968, from 0.05 to ~35–40 per 100,000 population in 2013, with superimposed epidemics demonstrating a similar increasing trend with the highest epidemic occurring in 2010 (IR 85.7). Most currently, about 80% of regencies/ cities had been infected and posed as very high vulnerability of spreading the disease. Increased incidence of dengue fever is associated with the increase of rainfall and tem perature in particular years. Up to the year of 2038, a climate model of Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency shows increasing trend of rainfall and tem perature. Along with its unsuccessful of Indonesia dengue fever control program will lead challenges to reduce dengue fever endemic in the future. Revitalization of dengue disease control program in every single stage with close monitoring implementation is urgently needed. Socialization, community capacity building, and participation could also be a joint sectoral action to enhance the dengue fever control program.","PeriodicalId":189854,"journal":{"name":"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122111780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mosquito-Borne Diseases and ‘One Health’: The Northwestern Italian Experience","authors":"M. Radaelli, Federica Verna, A. Pautasso, Veronica Bellavia, M. Ballardini, W. Mignone, L. Masoero, A. Dondo, L. Picco, R. Moschi, Andrea Mosca, L. Chiavacci, C. Casalone","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78985","url":null,"abstract":"In Italy, the surveillance of Mosquito-Borne Diseases (MBDs) is regulated by two national preparedness plans: (1) for West Nile and Usutu viruses, integrating human and veterinary surveillance in order to early detect viruses circulation and to quickly apply control measures aimed at reducing the risk of transmission through blood and blood components and (2) for Arbovirosis transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, mainly Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika viruses, based on surveillance of both imported and autochthonous human cases. This chapter reports the results of the application of these National Plans in Northwestern Italy and their impact for human health. In detail, we present the coordinated activities enforced in Piemonte and Liguria Regions, as a good example of the ‘One Health approach’ to control MBDs and prevent human transmission.","PeriodicalId":189854,"journal":{"name":"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116706940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leprosy: The Ancient and Stubborn Disease","authors":"P. Mawardi","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79984","url":null,"abstract":"Leprosy can be caused by an infection of Mycobacterium leprae commonly acquired through contact with an infected person. Clinical presentation depends on the patient’s immune status at the time of infection and during the course of disease. Leprosy is associated with disability and marginalization. The Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020 released in April 2016 underscored its goal of “accelerating towards a leprosy free-world.” Today’s leprosy differs from the leprosy of the past, but yet there are still many things that are not immediately known, so it is still a broad socioeconomic challenge for scientists to solve. Leprosy has low pathogenicity, only a small proportion of infected people develop signs of the disease. If leprosy is not diagnosed and treated in the early stages, further progress of the disease is determined by the strength of the patient’s immune response. Various clinical signs can be known during the early phase of leprosy, defined as indeterminate phase, so that it is difficult to diagnose the disease. Multidrug therapy (MDT) was recommended as the standard treatment. The morbidity report of leprosy will be important in epidemiology because it is based on real events and not based on estimate.","PeriodicalId":189854,"journal":{"name":"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115407810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reemerging Lassa Virus: Aspects of Its Structure, Replication, Pathogenicity and Diagnosis","authors":"V. Oti","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79072","url":null,"abstract":"Lassa virus is a linear, bisegmented, single-stranded RNA virus, which belong to the Arenaviridae family that causes viral hemorrhagic fever transmitted by rats. The virus is endemic in West African countries, which may be due to its zoonotic nature. Lassa virus infection occurs through contact with the vector Mastomys natalensis or infected humans and can lead to wide symptoms from a mild infection to Lassa fever and to a severe fatal viral hemorrhagic fever, which include delayed cellular immunity resulting to fulminant viremia. The virus replicates through a strategy known as the Ambisense, where two RNA strands code for genes in both the sense and antisense direction that is rapid and demonstrate temporal control in replication. Different diagnostic tests for the virus are available, which range from viral culture to serological and molecular diagnostic tests. There is an urgent need to develop drugs and vaccines against the virus because the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified Lassa virus as one of the viruses that is likely to cause a future epidemic, although a research is ongoing to evaluate Lassa virus vaccine immunogenicity in the CBA/J-ML29 mouse model. This chapter gives an overview on the structure, replication cycle, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of the virus.","PeriodicalId":189854,"journal":{"name":"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125248642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases with an Impact on Kidney Function","authors":"G. B. S. Junior, Ana Amélia Reis Jereissati, A. K. M. Neri, D. Lino, J. Oliveira, E. Daher","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78981","url":null,"abstract":"Neglected tropical diseases are a group of infectious diseases caused by infectious and parasitic agents that occur in a large part of the world affecting millions of people and can complicate matters with serious organ damage. The kidneys can be affected in many of these diseases, including Chagas disease, dengue, leishmaniasis, leprosy, and schistoso miasis. In this chapter, we describe the mechanisms by which the kidneys are damaged in the setting of these diseases, the clinical manifestations, and the current available treat ment options. We also describe the recent novel biomarkers that are under investigation for the early diagnosis of kidney injury in the course of these diseases and the future perspectives.","PeriodicalId":189854,"journal":{"name":"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116707209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chagas Disease in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico","authors":"Carlos F. Ortega-Jimenez, E. Guzmán-Marín, E. Gutierrez-Blanco, A. Ortega-Pacheco, M. Jiménez-Coello","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80032","url":null,"abstract":"American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi , which affects a wide variety of hosts including the man, until now treatment options or vaccines developed are not enough to control or prevent infected cases. The main way of transmission is vectorial, through insects of the Reduviidae family, as well by congenital transmission, blood/organ transplants or oral transmission. Chagas disease are considered as endemic in many areas due to the presence and lack of control of insect vectors. Many touristic places in Latin America are located in endemic areas; however, there is a nonex - istence of knowledge by touristic service providers about the theme. For that reason, there is a latent risk that tourists who come to vacation in endemic areas are exposed get the infection. The risk factors are well identified, and this allows that well-defined prevention strategies can be established in order to avoid the presentation of cases in visitors to the tourist zones. This chapter aimed to describe the situation of Chagas disease in touristic areas of the Caribbean of America Latina as and to provide a brief review of information that allows visitors to know about the epidemiology and potential risks of this infection.","PeriodicalId":189854,"journal":{"name":"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128916558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA Association, RNA Interference, and microRNA Pathways in Dengue Fever Virus-Host Interaction","authors":"I. Shahid","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80334","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue fever is a fatal vector transmitted disease and is one of the most significant health problems which have magnified its impact globally by afflicting 390 million people across 110 countries. The causative agent of this life-threatening disease is a posi- tive single-stranded RNA arbovirus known as dengue virus (DENV), which uses Aedes aegypti mosquito as an intermediate host. It has been well demonstrated that virus evades mosquito’s RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated antiviral defense and manipulates host microRNA (miRNA) profile to its own benefit. However, the exact mechanisms are still not exclusively elucidated. The molecular mechanisms which characterize the role of novel DENV-encoded small RNAs and other viral proteins in host miRNA modulation and evasion of RNA interference are still elusive. Furthermore, the possibility of small activating RNAs-(RNAa)-mediated activation in mosquitoes in conjunction with dengue virus genes is not fully explored. This book chapter pragmatically overviews intricate interplay between virus-host interactions, how virus invades host antivirus defense mechanisms, and possibly the potential emerging therapeutic role of RNA activation (RNAa) and RNAi for the infections, which can be cured by specific gene activation and gene silencing, respectively. microRNA as anti-mRNA-based treatment strategies with strong evidences are evolutionary, still a successful and reliable treatment line in viral infections with certain issues of drug delivery and long-term therapeutic effects. The involvement of lincRNAs and variations in miRNA epigenetic profile in disease-specific arboviruses (e.g., dengue virus) during infection indicate complex genome interactions between virus and hosts. RNA association as a novel therapeutic approach to treat infection by gene activation, to find out some specific modulators of gene regulation in viral replication as well as in disease progression is still in an explanatory phase specifically for disease-specific or insect-specific flaviviruses. In conjunction, the molecular approaches to find out disease progression pathways in disease-specific arboviruses are still investigative and antiviral treatment approaches in the form of siRNAs, microRNAs as well as RNA association still need be explored fully before their practical implementations in diagnostics and as some antiviral therapeutics.","PeriodicalId":189854,"journal":{"name":"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131158167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}