发布求助
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献

Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Trust, Distrust, and History 信任、不信任和历史
Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0002
B. Levack
{"title":"Trust, Distrust, and History","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this chapter deals with the theory of trust, explaining why it is more of an emotion than a rational calculation, evaluating to what extent it may be considered a moral, civic, or social virtue, and assessing the loss of freedom, the risks, and the vulnerability it entails. It also distinguishes between personal and institutional trust while at the same time illustrating the rhetorical connections between them. The second part of the chapter traces the gradual emergence of institutional distrust in England prior to 1660. There were early indications of this distrust in the sixteenth century, and they became explicit during the reign of Charles I (1625–49). The centerpiece of this section is a narrative of the growth of political distrust in the years leading up to and including the revolution of the 1640s. That section also deals briefly with the growth of distrust in legal, commercial, and ecclesiastical institutions, but mainly as those concerns related to the expression of political distrust.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130067865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Crisis of Institutional Trust, 1970–2020 制度信任危机，1970-2020
Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0007
B. Levack
{"title":"The Crisis of Institutional Trust, 1970–2020","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the crisis of trust in British and American political, legal, financial, and ecclesiastical institutions during the past fifty years. It compares the loss of institutional trust in the early modern period with that of the recent past, recognizing the much larger number and greater complexity of present-day political, legal, financial, commercial, and ecclesiastical institutions. It deals with the growing distrust of state and municipal as well as national institutions, the movement for jury nullification, the Bernie Madoff scandal, the widespread loss of confidence in American corporations, and the defection of Christians from mainstream churches. It also discusses the unprecedented distrust of the news media, which had no parallel in the early modern period. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Trump administration’s distrust of fact-based knowledge, especially science, and its broader war on truth itself, which the eighteenth-century philosophers considered the main criterion for trusting other people.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114422962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Distrust of Ecclesiastical Institutions 对教会机构的不信任
Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0006
B. Levack
{"title":"Distrust of Ecclesiastical Institutions","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with two separate developments that caused a loss of trust in established churches in England, Scotland, and America. The first was the long tradition of anticlericalism, which played a pivotal role in England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and again in the growth of Puritan distrust of the English Church during the archiepiscopate of Archbishop William Laud in the 1630s, leading to the abolition of episcopacy in 1646. After the reestablishment of the Church in 1661, the persecution of Protestant dissenters sowed deep mutual distrust between them and the Church, which a limited grant of toleration in 1689 only partially remedied. The same was true in Scotland, where a reluctant toleration of Episcopalian dissenters in 1712 did little to restore trust in the Presbyterian Church established in 1690. In America, distrust of established churches in some of the colonies led to the separation of church and state in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution and the disestablishment of all churches in the individual states by 1818.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121828900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Distrust of Legal Institutions 对法律制度的不信任
Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0004
B. Levack
{"title":"Distrust of Legal Institutions","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"A lack of confidence in English law courts first arose in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries in response to the corruption of justice in outlying regions of the country. Reforms undertaken by the governments of Henry VII and Henry VIII helped to restore trust in the legal process, but distrust arose once again during the personal rule of Charles I and among law reformers in the 1640s and 1650s. Distrust of English law courts reached a peak in the late seventeenth century in reaction to the coercion of juries and the violation of defendants’ rights in trials of Whigs and religious dissenters. Other sources of judicial distrust in late seventeenth-century England and the early American republic were the procedures in treason trials, which resulted in the unfair prosecution of opponents of the government. The harshness and unfairness of punishments for all crimes also eroded faith in the entire criminal justice system in both Britain and America during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126345447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conclusion 结论
Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0008
Brian P. Levack
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Brian P. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The Conclusion identifies four themes that link the loss of trust in early modern British and American institutions with the corresponding loss of trust in British and American institutions in the past fifty years. These themes are the abuse of power, corruption, ideology, and anti- elite sentiment. Resentment of elites is related to the growth of inequality and the loss of community in the United States in recent times. The Conclusion identifies periods in the history of both Britain and the United States when the government adopted policies that were fair, transparent, and efficient, and therefore fostered trust rather than distrust.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131627799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Distrust of Financial and Commercial Institutions 对金融和商业机构的不信任
Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0005
B. Levack
{"title":"Distrust of Financial and Commercial Institutions","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Distrust of the Bank of England, the stock market, and the large companies engaged in overseas trade reached a peak in the South Sea Bubble of 1720. Distrust of national banks later became a recurrent source of distrust in the United States, which led to the failure of the first two such banks and prevented a third from being established until 1913. Distrust of the system of taxation in Britain focused mainly on excise taxes, which the government was in large part successful in managing by the middle of the eighteenth century, whereas excise taxes, direct taxes, and customs duties levied on American colonists became a major source of colonial distrust of the British government in the 1760s and 1770s. This chapter also deals with the formation of legal trusts, which are transfers of property from one party to another, who holds the property “in trust” for a beneficiary. The main source of distrust of this system in early modern England came from the royal government itself when landed families used trusts to avoid paying taxes in the 1530s.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114070185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
John Locke and Trust in Government 约翰·洛克与政府的信任
Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0003
B. Levack
{"title":"John Locke and Trust in Government","authors":"B. Levack","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847409.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter begins with a discussion of the political philosophy of Locke, who claimed that all government is, or at least should be, based on trust. Locke’s theory originated in response to the policies of the governments of Charles II and James II, which Locke claimed violated the trust that the people had placed in the executive and the legislature. Locke’s argument provided a foundation for the opposition of the Commonwealthmen to the establishment Whig ministries of the early eighteenth century and colonial American opposition to the British government in the 1760s and 1770s. The concluding section in this chapter deals with efforts to promote mutual trust between the federal government and the states in drafting the United States Constitution in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789.","PeriodicalId":188289,"journal":{"name":"Distrust of Institutions in Early Modern Britain and America","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134154636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整，为了账户安全，请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们：info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务，方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号：481959085
Book学术官方微信