Earth-Surface Processes eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Hydro-Meteorological Flood Forecasting Using Tank Model with Satellite-Based Rainfall Input for Kemaman River Catchment","authors":"Ahmad Tarmizi Mat Taib, W. Tahir, S. Ramli, Intan Shafeenar Ahmad Mohtar","doi":"10.34218/ijciet.11.1.2020.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/ijciet.11.1.2020.002","url":null,"abstract":"Flooding has always been one of the worst natural disasters in Kemaman Terengganu Malaysia. A reliable, timely and accurate flood forecasting system can improve flood preparedness. In this study, Tank Model was applied for flood forecasting at the upper catchment of the Kemaman River Basin. Hourly rainfall and water level data were used as input to the Tank Model. Autoregressive corrections were carried out to improve the simulated flood level at Rantau Panjang forecasting station. Five sets of data from selected storm events were used to calibrate the Tank Model and then the performance of the model was verified by using two (2) months of hourly rainfall data. A set of tank coefficients that suit the tank configuration selected for the Kemaman River Basin were determined by trial and error calibrations. Flood levels at Rantau Panjang, Kemaman were simulated with actual measured catchment rainfall and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) was found to be 0.167m and the model efficiency was 92%. The Tank Model was found to be able to simulate and forecast the rising limb of the flood hydrograph as well as the runoff peak for the next 1hr to 4 hr. Once the tank model had been calibrated, satellite-based rainfall estimates were applied to evaluate the simulation and forecasting capability of the Tank Model. The forecast results show that direct application of the QPE from the satellite images needs further enhancement to improve the accuracy. The model developed is able to provide timely (lag time) and reliable warning at an average of 6 hours before the flood peak reaches Rantau Panjang Station, however the accuracy of water level forecast depends on the accuracy of the rainfall forecast.","PeriodicalId":176403,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Surface Processes eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125197469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Space Technologies in Disaster Risk Management: Lessons for Pakistan","authors":"Amna Rauf, Usman W. Chohan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3530032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3530032","url":null,"abstract":"A growing population and increasing environmental challenges have posed a massive threat to the Earth and its resources. With the world facing a plethora of new global challenges, conventional methods and technology is seemingly outdated for the task. This urges one to look for a new approach; one that not only has a hands-on approach but provides preventative measures to manage such risks. Consequently, in order to achieve such earthly objectives, space technology can provide critical knowledge and contribute to profitable innovations that will assist in an extensive understanding of the current and possible global challenges. This paper will give a holistic understanding of the applications of space technology in the contemporary world; by providing a cost-benefit analysis of its implications. Furthermore, it aims to assess the functional aspects of space technology; while simultaneously weighing the effectiveness, success and productivity of space-based tech and operations. Most importantly, it aims to extract lessons from the international community in operating space technology for disaster risk management. It examines case studies for countries like the United States, China and India who have progressed in this domain. In comparison, it explores the contemporary usage and position that Pakistan acquires in the discipline of space technology. It intends to examine the role of SUPARCO, SAARC, NDMA and PDMA with regards to risk management in Pakistan. The key objective of this paper is to propose practical solutions to Pakistan for the implementation of space technology, which can help reduce the risks of disasters. Keeping in view Pakistan’s current budget deficits, this paper determines whether the state should take a collaborative action with the coalition of other countries or an indigenous approach for its space program initiation.","PeriodicalId":176403,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Surface Processes eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116087564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Liability Associated With Unstable Slope Management Programs","authors":"T. Wyatt","doi":"10.17226/25836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17226/25836","url":null,"abstract":"Slope failures such as landslides and rockfalls pose risks for highway owners such as State Departments of Transportation (herein, “State DOTs”), such as personal injury or property damage suffered by travelers on the highway who impact the falling or sliding debris. Personal injury or property damage resulting from highway slope failures often result in tort claims made against State DOTs. Although State DOTs have a duty to maintain highways in a reasonably safe condition for travel, it is generally understood that it is not feasible to completely eliminate the risk of highway slope failure. In an effort to In an effort to manage the cost and risk (legal and otherwise) of highway slope failures, many State DOTs have adopted unstable slope management programs, such as the Rockfall Hazard Rating System developed with grant funding from the Federal Highway Administration (“FHWA”). This paper examines how unstable slope management programs influence the outcome of tort claims against State DOTs in cases involving highway slope failures, including how they influence the court’s analysis of immunity and negligence. It is seen that, while unstable slope management programs can help State DOTs avoid liability for decisions to defer capital-intensive slope remediation projects, they generally do not allow State DOTs to avoid liability for failure to perform routine maintenance of highway slopes.","PeriodicalId":176403,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Surface Processes eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115768776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mangroves for Coastal Protection: Evidence from Hurricanes in Central America","authors":"A. del Valle, Mathilda Eriksson, Oscar Anil Ishizawa Escudero, J. Miranda","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8795","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates whether mangroves can mitigate the impact of hurricanes on economic activity. The paper assembles a new, regionwide panel data set that measures local economic activity using nightlights, potential hurricane damages using a detailed hurricane windstorm model, and mangrove protection by mapping the width of mangrove forests on the path to the coast. The results show that hurricanes have negative short-run effects on economic activity, with losses likely concentrated in coastal lowlands that are exposed to both wind and storm surge hazards. In these coastal lowlands, the estimates show that nightlights decrease by up to 24 percent in areas that are unprotected by mangroves. By comparison, the impact of the hurricanes observed in the sample is fully mitigated in areas protected by mangrove belts of one or more kilometers.","PeriodicalId":176403,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Surface Processes eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128372886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Cost Soil Moisture Sensor Analysis for Agricultural Usage","authors":"Anuradha Hadgil, A. Joshi, L. Ali, S. Sajjan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3356526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3356526","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s technological era majority of the human activities are replaced with sensors and actuators and so for the irrigation process in the agricultural field. The major part of the automated irrigation system is finding the moisture content of the soil. The moisture content in soil is very vital parameter for the growth plant. The cost and complexity of the soil moisture sensor may hinder its usage for irrigation. The main aim of this article is to present a cost effective and simple moisture sensor. Thus the paper describes the detailed analysis of a volume-based soil moisture sensor. The probes used for sensing are made of iron with an alloy coating which is an anti-corrosive and robust material for sensing the moisture content in the field. The comprehensive analysis was carried out with large number of test cases and validated against the standard available sensors. The compromising results and the simplicity of the said sensor may accelerate its usage for automating the irrigation.","PeriodicalId":176403,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Surface Processes eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117212515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of GIS and Hydraulic Model for Water Related Risk Management in the Saharan Region: Case of Flooding in the Wadi Bechar Watershed","authors":"Abdelghani Bekhira, M. Habi, B. Morsli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3211281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3211281","url":null,"abstract":"The city of Bechar in Algeria, recorded some extreme events. Among these, the flood of 2008 which marked an exceptional flood of 830 m3/s of flow, and also that of 2012 and 2014. The problem underlined is that most of the city of Bechar has a sprawl urban prolonged on the banks of the watercourse of Oueds Bechar which causes a major risk on the life of the inhabitants. The objective of our work is to estimate the risk of flooding by the mapping of the flood, the latter consists in determining the flows of the return periods of 25ans, 50ans and 100ans for this, it is necessary the adjustment of the flows by Gumbel law, using a computer support HEC-RAS, HEC-GeoRAS and ArcGis for the mapping of the event. Finally, this work allowed us to determine the zones at risk of flooding and to classify them according to the height of flood waters.","PeriodicalId":176403,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Surface Processes eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123821200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Review of High and Very High-Resolution Remote Sensing Approaches for Detecting and Mapping Slums: Trends, Challenges and Emerging Opportunities","authors":"R. Mahabir, A. Croitoru, A. Crooks, P. Agouris, A. Stefanidis","doi":"10.3390/URBANSCI2010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/URBANSCI2010008","url":null,"abstract":"Slums are a global urban challenge, with less developed countries being particularly impacted. To adequately detect and map them, data is needed on their location, spatial extent and evolution. High- and very high-resolution remote sensing imagery has emerged as an important source of data in this regard. The purpose of this paper is to critically review studies that have used such data to detect and map slums. Our analysis shows that while such studies have been increasing over time, they tend to be concentrated to a few geographical areas and often focus on the use of a single approach (e.g., image texture and object-based image analysis), thus limiting generalizability to understand slums, their population, and evolution within the global context. We argue that to develop a more comprehensive framework that can be used to detect and map slums, other emerging sourcing of geospatial data should be considered (e.g., volunteer geographic information) in conjunction with growing trends and advancements in technology (e.g., geosensor networks). Through such data integration and analysis we can then create a benchmark for determining the most suitable methods for mapping slums in a given locality, thus fostering the creation of new approaches to address this challenge.","PeriodicalId":176403,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Surface Processes eJournal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133411505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Final Document on the Third Year, Second Activity: 'General Methodologies and Hydrological-Hydraulic Parameters Supporting the Definition of a Climate Index for Changing Flood Risk Assessment'","authors":"F. Macchione, P. Costabile, C. Costanzo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1632883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1632883","url":null,"abstract":"This report is the final document related to the third year, second activity whose title is: General methodologies and hydrological-hydraulic parameters supporting the definition of a climate index for changing flood risk assessment. The purpose of the collaboration between LAMPIT (department of Soil Defence, University of Calabria) and CMCC is to develop an hydrometeorological chain in order to obtain a reliable tool in the context of flood evolution prediction able to provide quantitative information of practical importance within the civil protection activities. The LAMPIT contribution to the project concerns the mathematical description of both generation and propagation of flood events at basin scale. The work here presented has been carried out in close cooperation with dr. Pasquale Schiano and dr. Paola Mercogliano. In order to embrace the problem as a whole, this report starts from a general overview of the characteristics of climate change according to IPCC evaluations, highlighting the main causes that may induce a variation of flood features (chapter 1). The term flood is often generically associated to a number of natural events that significantly differ in terms of phenomenological generation. So it seems necessary to recall in mind a possible main classification of flood phenomena in order to underline the flood type discussed herein and his peculiarities in relation to climate change (chapter 2). In a catchment-wide perspective there is the need to take into account non-climatic drivers, such as land-use change, in the evaluation of changing flood risk: land cover change within a watershed is recognized as an important factor affecting runoff and it is possible that the transformation of land across the globe could have a greater influence on runoff than climate change; that question is explained in the chapter 3. Chapter 4 is devoted to the general methodologies developed to evaluate the effects of climate change on runoff. They are mainly based on the interconnection between climate and hydrologic models; some features of each model are also analysed to highlight those aspects useful for the evaluation of climate impact on river flooding that link climate models to hydrological model. In order to better characterize the general methodologies, a number of typical results, presented in the literature, are illustrated in the chapter 5. The analysis related to the impact of climate change on flood risk is affected by a significant degree of uncertainty; some consideration on the uncertainty source is presented in the chapter 6. Finally in the chapter 7, the concept of climate elasticity of streamflow, considered to be an important indicator identifying the sensitivity of streamflow to climate change, is presented.","PeriodicalId":176403,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Surface Processes eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130367702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity Due to Global Warming: Results from a High-Resolution Coupled General Circulation Model","authors":"S. Gualdi, E. Scoccimarro, A. Navarra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1366806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1366806","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the possible changes that the greenhouse global warming might generate in the characteristics of the tropical cyclones (TCs). To this aim, scenario climate simulations, performed with a fully coupled high-resolution global general circulation model, have been analyzed. First of all the capability of the model to reproduce a reasonably realistic TC climatology has been assessed by comparing the model results from a simulation of the 20th Century with observational data sets. Then, the changes in the model TCs induced by atmospheric CO2 increase have been quantified. From the current climate simulation, the model appears to be able to simulate tropical cyclon-like vortices with many features similar to the observed TCs. The simulated TC activity exhibits realistic geographical distribution, seasonal modulation and interannual variability, suggesting that the model is able to reproduce the major basic mechanisms that link the TC occurrence with the large scale circulation. The results from the climate scenarios reveal a substantial general reduction of the TC activity when the atmospheric CO2 concentration is doubled and quadrupled. The reduction appears particularly evident for the tropical north west Pacific (NWP) and north Atlantic (ATL). In the NWP the weaker TC activity seems to be associated with a reduced efficiency of triggering of convective instabilities due to a rise of the level of free convection. In the ATL region the weaker TC activity seems to be due to both the increased stability of the atmosphere and a stronger vertical wind shear. Despite the generally reduced TC activity, there are evidences of increased intensity of the simulated cyclones in terms of rainfall. Despite the overall warming of the tropical upper ocean and the expansion of warm SSTs to the subtropics and mid-latitudes, the action of the TCS remains well confined to the tropical region and the peak of TC number remains equatorward of 20o latitude in both the Hemispheres.","PeriodicalId":176403,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Surface Processes eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131413778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}