Eye MotilityPub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84162
Arvind Kumar Morya, Kanchan Solanki, S. Bhandari, Anushree Naidu
{"title":"Binocular Functions","authors":"Arvind Kumar Morya, Kanchan Solanki, S. Bhandari, Anushree Naidu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.84162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84162","url":null,"abstract":"Binocular single vision is the ability to use both eyes simultaneously so that each eye contributes to a common single perception. Normal binocular single vision occurs with bifoveal fixation and normal retinal correspondence in everyday sight. There are various anatomical and physiological factors concerned in the development of Binocular vision. The development of binocular function starts at 6 weeks and is completed by 6 months. Any obstacles, sensory, motor, or central, in the flex pathway is likely to hamper the development of binocular vision. The presence of these obstacles gives rise to various sensory adaptations to binocular dysfunction. Clinically the tests used can be based on either of the two principles: (A) assessment of relationship between the fovea of the fixing eye and the retinal area stimulated in the squinting eye, viz. Bagolini striated glasses test, red filter test, synoptophore using SMP slides for measuring the objective and subjective angles, and Worth 4-dot test; and (B) Assessment of the visual directions of the two foveae, viz. after image test (Hering Bielschowsky); and Cuppers binocular visuoscopy test (foveo-foveal test of Cuppers). Anomalies of binocular vision results in confusion, diplopia, which leads to suppression, eccentric fixation, anomalous retinal correspondence, and amblyopia.","PeriodicalId":168509,"journal":{"name":"Eye Motility","volume":"1086 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116037616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eye MotilityPub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82743
I. Mravičić, Selma Lukačević, Maja Bohac, Maja Pauk-Gulić, Vlade Glavota
{"title":"Nystagmus","authors":"I. Mravičić, Selma Lukačević, Maja Bohac, Maja Pauk-Gulić, Vlade Glavota","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.82743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82743","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168509,"journal":{"name":"Eye Motility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131286756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eye MotilityPub Date : 2019-01-26DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82338
Suzana Konjevoda, N. Striber, S. Čanović, Ana Pavičić
{"title":"Ophthalmologic Examination of the Child","authors":"Suzana Konjevoda, N. Striber, S. Čanović, Ana Pavičić","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82338","url":null,"abstract":"The ophthalmologic examination of the child consists of an assessment of the physiological function, anatomic eye, and visual system status. A comprehensive eye examination of the child should include history of presenting problem, patient’s and family’s medical histories, estimation of fixation and measurement of visual acuity, assessment of binocular vision, Bruckner test, assessment of ocular motility, Hirschberg’s test, cover/uncover test, and assessment of anterior and posterior segments. The order of examination may vary depending on the child’s cooperation. The record of the child’s level of cooperation during the examination is of great benefit in the interpretation of the results.","PeriodicalId":168509,"journal":{"name":"Eye Motility","volume":"362 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115958046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eye MotilityPub Date : 2019-01-25DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81948
R. Rodríguez-Labrada, Y. Vázquez-Mojena, L. Velázquez-Pérez
{"title":"Eye Movement Abnormalities in Neurodegenerative Diseases","authors":"R. Rodríguez-Labrada, Y. Vázquez-Mojena, L. Velázquez-Pérez","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81948","url":null,"abstract":"Neurodegenerative disorders consist in heterogeneous group of neurological conditions characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical features resulting from a progressive involvement of distinct neuron populations. Oculomotor abnormalities take a key place in the clinical picture of these disorders because the neurodegenerative processes involve the brain circuits of eye movements. The most common abnormalities include the saccadic dysfunction, fixation instability, and abnormal smooth pursuit. The clinical assessment of oculomotor function can help to dif-ferentiate diagnosis, while electrophysiological measures provide useful biomarkers for the understanding of disease physiopathology and progression. In this chapter, we review the state of the art of the eye movement’s deficits in some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and the hereditary ataxias.","PeriodicalId":168509,"journal":{"name":"Eye Motility","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125655078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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