{"title":"Influence of the Oral Microbiome on General Health","authors":"Z. Loewy, Shoshana Galbut, E. Loewy, D. Felton","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76213","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of edentulism is common worldwide. While improvements in access to healthcare and dental care are reducing the prevalence rate of edentulism, the rapidly growing number of elderly as a percent of the global population will sustain a need for denture therapy for the foreseeable future. While denture use has positive impacts on the quality of life, their use is associated with some problems and risks. Denture stomatitis, a chronic infection-related inflammatory disorder of the oral mucosa, is extremely com mon and has been reported to occur in up to two-thirds of denture wearers. Importantly, epidemiology studies have shown edentulism and denture wearing, while not proven as causative factors, to be associated with significant increases in risk for serious sys - temic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and arthritic disorders. A common linkage across these diseases is an association between increased risk for the disease and chronic inflammation. The nature of surface properties and porosity of denture materials contributes to the attachment of microorganisms and the establishment and growth of the adherent biofilm. Hence, proper denture cleansing is critical in maintaining oral hygiene and general health and perhaps to reduce the risk factors for systemic disease. significant noted over compari-son, the other procedures in some reduction ; rapid and","PeriodicalId":166825,"journal":{"name":"Oral Microbiology in Periodontitis","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129360452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discriminating Life Forms in Oral Biofilms","authors":"V. Grover, A. Kapoor","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75746","url":null,"abstract":"The bacteria colonizing the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity are known to signifi - cantly influence oral health and disease. Recent studies of subgingival dental plaque, based on different identification methods, provide direct evidence of substantial diversity of plaque microbiota. Till date only about 280 bacterial species have been isolated by cultiva ble methods, characterized and formally named out of this enormous microbial diversity of oral biofilms. As a consequence, there is a complete lack of information about the prop erties of a substantial proportion of the plaque microbiota, apart from their position in the taxonomic hierarchy of bacteria. This limited knowledge about the behavior and proper -ties, combined with recognition of the considerable diversity that exists within individual species, raises serious questions to the foundations on which previous conclusions, con cerning the etiology of periodontal diseases, rest. The emerging realization is it is impos - sible to fully understand oral health and disease without identifying and understanding the pathogenic potential of all of the bacteria that colonize the oral cavity. The current chapter shall provide an update on current status of oral microbiota, ecological significance of their biofilm life style and various methods to study microbes residing in oral biofilms.","PeriodicalId":166825,"journal":{"name":"Oral Microbiology in Periodontitis","volume":"2181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130099696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trojans in Oral Environments: Evidence of Molecular Mimicry in Oral Immunity","authors":"G. Obando-Pereda","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75747","url":null,"abstract":"Oral microbiome possesses more than 1000 microbial species that co-exist with human oral cavity. However, when there is an imbalance in microbial ecosystem, infection and inflammation occurs. Chronic inflammation produces constant antigen-cell presentation and reactivity T and B cell results in an adaptive immune response with high specificity cell-cell and antibody response producing an autoimmune disease by molecular mimicry. In this chapter, using just BLAST, shows self-epitopes (autoantigens) from different autoimmune diseases such as Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, neuromyelitis optica, Stiff-Person syndrome, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune gastritis, autoimmune hepatitis, myositis and rheumatoid arthritis that possess similarities with microbial epitopes belonging to oral microbiome acting has a computer trojan occult in a software package.","PeriodicalId":166825,"journal":{"name":"Oral Microbiology in Periodontitis","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130022254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anaerobic Bacteria Associated with Periodontitis","authors":"Ahmed Zuhair Alwaeli","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76352","url":null,"abstract":"Oral bacteria are highly associated with oral diseases, and periodontitis is a strongly prevalent disease, presenting a substantial economical burden. Furthermore, there is a strong association between periodontal bacteria and other diseases, such as cardiovas- cular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or diabetes, so it becomes clear that efficient peri odontal cure would be of good medical benefit to general health. Periodontally, Healthy loci show a low number of bacteria which are cultivable by individual sulcus, 10 microorganisms with almost Gram-positive microbiota, including Streptococcus and Actinomyces species. In gingivitis, it is characterized by an increased bacterial number, 104–105 microorganisms by periodontal sulcus, besides an increased diffusion of Gram negative bacteria (15–50%).The increased number of oral bacteria could be associated with the decreased role of the innate and adaptive immunity; so, this chapter will focus on the most prevalent bacteria associated with the oral disease on the one hand and the role of innate immunity and adaptive immunity (Interleukin 1 Beta Il-1β and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-α) in oral diseases on the other hand.","PeriodicalId":166825,"journal":{"name":"Oral Microbiology in Periodontitis","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121735473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oral Microbiology in Periodontal Health and Disease","authors":"N. Hashim","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75709","url":null,"abstract":"Oral microbial community is one of the most complex bacterial florae associated with human body. Up to now, more than 700 different bacterial species have been identified from human oral cavity. Oral bacteria form communities on distinctly different surfaces, such as hard enamel and cementum, as well as on soft epithelial cells. These communities are biofilms, which are characterized by their species composition, their surface or substratum composition, and the conditioning films coating the surfaces on which they form. The composition of the resident oral microflora shows local variations in composition on distinct surfaces (e.g., tongue, cheek, teeth) due to differences in key environmental conditions. Many studies have found that certain microbial flora may be compatible with a state of periodontal health and variations in oral flora is associated with varying degrees of periodontal disease. Information about the composition and the assembly processes of oral microbiota could be used to develop effective strategy and monitoring protocols for periodontal therapy.","PeriodicalId":166825,"journal":{"name":"Oral Microbiology in Periodontitis","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132389929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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