{"title":"Grasping for a Great New Future","authors":"Sean Andrew Wempe","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 examines fragmentation within the colonial lobbies in Germany and their efforts to unify the language of imperial internationalism by the Colonial German bloc in the interwar period during the lead-up to the Locarno Conferences of 1925. What follows is an analysis of the adaptation and reimagining of the three largest and most vocal of the German colonial societies in the Weimar period: the German Colonial Society, the Women’s League, and the Kolonial Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft (Imperial Working Group on the Colonies, KoRAG). Each of these organizations made an effort at retooling itself to serve the needs of Colonial Germans in the Weimar era. Yet despite all their efforts, the DKG and other colonialist organizations in Germany never managed to unite the German colonial bloc. Former officials, missionaries, and German settlers in and from Africa opportunistically adapted their understandings of nationality in pursuit of their own self-interests. The most difficult challenges that the German colonial lobbies faced in the wake of the loss of the empire did not come from the German government or even from the League and the new mandatory powers, but rather from the cacophony of demands placed upon them by a diverse constituency.","PeriodicalId":166555,"journal":{"name":"Revenants of the German Empire","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122468000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Faithful Hounds of Imperialism?","authors":"Sean Andrew Wempe","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of former German colonial officials as part of the League’s bureaucracy was not confined to the Permanent Mandates Commission, but also came into play in special emergency inquiry committees, most notably in the League’s investigation of the Manchurian Crisis. In November 1931, the League of Nations called for a Commission of Enquiry to determine the causes of the conflict, hoping to diffuse the tensions between Japan and China, which ran counter to many world powers’ and League member states’ interests in the Far East. The five-man commission headed by the second Earl of Lytton of the United Kingdom included Major General Frank Ross McCoy (United States), Count Aldrovandi Marescotti (Italy), General Henri Claudel (France), and Dr. Heinrich Schnee. It was in this venue that Heinrich Schnee—the last governor of German East Africa and the most outspoken detractor of the Allies, the League, and the new Mandates System—somewhat ironically was able to benefit from growing internationalism. His role on the Lytton Commission became the crowning—and final—event in his efforts to revive his career and renown as an authority on imperialism. Despite the loss at Locarno of any hope of a return of Germany’s former overseas possessions, the involvement of a prominent Colonial German in the Manchurian discussions suggests that although no longer citizens of an imperial power, Germans made continued contributions to the international discourse on empire and nation, as well as to international decision-making on these matters.","PeriodicalId":166555,"journal":{"name":"Revenants of the German Empire","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128382825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Question of Respectability","authors":"Sean Andrew Wempe","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 explores the demands for colonial restitution by the former officials, with particular emphasis on Heinrich Schnee, the last governor of German East Africa, and Theodor Seitz, the last governor of German Southwest Africa. In order to maintain imperial/national conceptions of the “self,” these individuals argued against the idea of colonial guilt and reasserted German Europeanness in a world where empire was an essential component of this identity. They engaged with the new political vocabulary of empire and civilization made normative by the Allies and the League, using it in conventional ways to legitimate past actions and to reassert German Europeanness as well as manipulating it to claim moral superiority. Their arguments against colonial guilt can therefore be broken into three categories: (1) pointing to past praise of Germany’s colonial record; (2) reconfiguring the relationships between the terms “violence,” “European,” and “civilization”; and (3) highlighting Allied hypocrisies and claiming to be the only true embodiment of the new ideals of empire. The intention of this threefold line of argument was to preserve imperially constituted identifiers of the German nation in a postcolonial situation. The end result was a tricky negotiation of Colonial Germans’ identity as a group. German colonial irredentists simultaneously claimed the status of victim alongside their former colonized subjects, and yet insisted they were separate from and more advanced than these groups. They demanded recognition of the word “German” as synonymous with the term “European,” and yet also claimed moral superiority over the rest of European civilization.","PeriodicalId":166555,"journal":{"name":"Revenants of the German Empire","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126845837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“O Afrika, Meine Seele ist in dir geblieben”","authors":"Sean Andrew Wempe","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 looks at memory and imperial identity among former German settlers, those repatriated to Germany from East Africa after the First World War. Many former settlers, both those who had been repatriated and those who remained in Africa in the new mandates controlled by Britain and South Africa, sought naturalization in other European empires or petitioned the new international system in hopes of autonomous rule for a German-African state that would answer only to the League of Nations itself. Like Pieter Judson’s ethnic communities in the Habsburg borderlands and Tara Zahra’s “nationally indifferent” Germans in the Bohemian lands, German settlers in and from Africa mercurially adapted their understandings of nationality in pursuit of their own self-interests. This chapter analyzes the ways in which the colony became the preferred locus of German identity for civilians who had lived in Germany’s largest settler colonies, German East Africa. The author focuses on memoirs of repatriated settlers who spent seven years or more in East Africa in order to demonstrate how the colony became a site of memory that served as a foil to what they viewed as the decaying German nation in Europe. Narratives of individuals from the German settlements of Morogoro, Tanga, Iringa, and Dar Es Salaam feature in this section, offering a balance of interior and coastal settings. The sample includes male and female settlers, taking into account a number of occupations and varying durations of settlement in the colonies.","PeriodicalId":166555,"journal":{"name":"Revenants of the German Empire","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121520137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Echte Deutsche or Half-Baked Englishmen","authors":"Sean Andrew Wempe","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"From the moment South Africa made the unorthodox decision to allow Germans to remain in the mandate territory, this group of settlers became the focal point of a unique diplomatic struggle. Who had jurisdiction over German communities in the mandates—the Weimar Republic, the Union of South Africa, the British Empire, or the League of Nations? What citizenship status—and therefore, what rights—did this particular body of “Germans abroad” living in a mandate have? This chapter investigates how the search for answers to these questions transformed into an international dispute in the early 1920s, culminating in the Naturalization Crisis of 1922–1924 when the Union of South Africa attempted to automatically naturalize all Germans in Southwest Africa as British subjects. In the midst of German colonialist organizations pressuring them to fight to retain their German citizenship and debates in the League about the legality of South Africa’s naturalization of individuals within a mandate, Southwest African Germans constructed their own views on the purpose and value of citizenship as they strove to build not only an independent German identity in Africa, but also a self-governing state.","PeriodicalId":166555,"journal":{"name":"Revenants of the German Empire","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115138761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Unfit Imperialists to Fellow Civilizers","authors":"Sean Andrew Wempe","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190907211.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"During the tenure of the League’s mandates system, several former German colonial officials rose to prominence in the League of Nations as “imperial experts.” The involvement of German colonial officials in League agencies and events suggests that although no longer part of an imperial power and officially ostracized from the “work of civilization,” Germans remained adaptive contributors to international discourses on empire. In order to determine how individual Germans and lobbying interests were able to make use of the spirit of internationalism to minimize their association with “unfit imperialists” and re-establish themselves as “fellow civilizers,” this chapter focuses on the interwar careers and interactions of two colonial officials, Dr. Ludwig Kastl and Dr. Julius Ruppel—former bureaucrats who had served in the African colonies, each of whom became German members on the PMC.","PeriodicalId":166555,"journal":{"name":"Revenants of the German Empire","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134119576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：