Sharing the BurdenPub Date : 2019-12-06DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0002
Charlie Laderman
{"title":"The Origins of a Solution","authors":"Charlie Laderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a background to the United States’ public and political engagement with the 1894–1896 Armenian massacres. It explores why the US Congress took the path-breaking step of adopting a joint resolution advocating diplomatic action, rather than just temporary relief, to address the humanitarian crisis, and traces the debate that arose within the US government over how it could legitimately respond to the massacres. It examines the relationship between American engagement in the Armenian question and calls for intervention in Cuba in 1898. And it also explains why the 1894–1896 Hamidian massacres led to the first discussion of a joint Anglo-American intervention in the Near East and the first suggestion of a possible American solution to the Armenian question.","PeriodicalId":165972,"journal":{"name":"Sharing the Burden","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127120966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharing the BurdenPub Date : 2019-12-06DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0005
Charlie Laderman
{"title":"The Wilsonian Solution","authors":"Charlie Laderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Woodrow Wilson’s pragmatic decision not to declare war on the Ottoman Empire after American entry into the First World War. It explains why this policy choice offers important insights into Wilson’s attitude toward the Allied powers, particularly the British Empire. It evaluates Wilson’s broader attitude to Britain and his attitude toward an Anglo-American alliance. The chapter emphasizes the clash between Wilson and Roosevelt over whether the United States should declare war on the Ottoman Empire, and what this reveals about their humanitarian visions and broader conceptions of international order. In doing so, it traces the emergence of Wilson’s own solution to the Armenian question as part of a reformed, American-led international system.","PeriodicalId":165972,"journal":{"name":"Sharing the Burden","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132176026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharing the BurdenPub Date : 2019-12-06DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0004
Charlie Laderman
{"title":"The Missionary Solution","authors":"Charlie Laderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the attempt by American missionaries to help remold the Ottoman state into a constitutional political system in the aftermath of the 1909 Young Turk Revolution. It explains why Americans, who had long regarded their missionaries as humanitarian aid agents helping to support and uplift the Armenians through their mission stations, now looked to them to extend their “civilizing mission” across the Empire. It explores the growth of the Protestant missionary lobby in the United States and the ways in which it developed support for an attempt to build a civil society in the Ottoman Empire that would ensure security for the Armenians within a reformed Ottoman polity. It explains why missionaries and their supporters viewed this as part of a larger mission to spread Christian ideals and representative government around the world alongside British evangelists. Missionary dreams of a new Ottoman nation collapsed when, amidst World War One, the Ottoman Armenians faced wholesale destruction. This chapter concludes by exploring how Woodrow Wilson’s administration and the missionaries responded to this “Crime Against Humanity,” and why their determination to maintain American neutrality so infuriated Theodore Roosevelt. It examines how the missionary lobby pioneered an unprecedented relief operation, and worked in partnership with the leading British champion of the Armenians, James Bryce, to publicize the atrocities and plan for Armenia’s ultimate liberation from Ottoman rule.","PeriodicalId":165972,"journal":{"name":"Sharing the Burden","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131259645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharing the BurdenPub Date : 2019-12-06DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0003
Charlie Laderman
{"title":"The Rooseveltian Solution","authors":"Charlie Laderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Theodore Roosevelt’s set of principles regarding the United States’ responsibility to intervene in response to “crimes against civilization,” a creed profoundly influenced by the 1894–1896 massacre of Ottoman Armenians. It also traces the evolution of Roosevelt’s thinking on an alliance with Britain, a significant feature of which was the prevention of extreme humanitarian atrocities and protection of peoples such as the Armenians. It explains why Roosevelt believed the nations that he considered most “civilized,” led by Britain and the United States, had a responsibility to censure injustices that offended the civilization of the day. It discusses Roosevelt’s most public articulation of these principles in his neglected Second Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It also traces his diplomatic interventions, alongside Britain, for Eastern European Jews and in the Congo, and demonstrates the practical limits of Roosevelt’s attempts to intervene in the Armenian question and pursue a broader alliance with Britain.","PeriodicalId":165972,"journal":{"name":"Sharing the Burden","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122850671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharing the BurdenPub Date : 2019-12-06DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0006
Charlie Laderman
{"title":"The American Solution","authors":"Charlie Laderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter re-examines the American conflict over its world role after World War I and reinterprets the evolution of ideas on the purpose of the League of Nations in both Britain and the United States. It explains how Wilson’s attempt to offer a solution to the Armenian question through an American mandate became entangled in a wider debate over America’s future world role. It reveals why leading British statesman also looked to the United States to solve the Armenian question through assuming mandates for Armenia and the municipal district of Constantinople. And it reveals how Turkish and Armenian leaders influenced the mandate debate, forcing Americans to confront the complexities of pacifying the post-Ottoman Near East.","PeriodicalId":165972,"journal":{"name":"Sharing the Burden","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127357853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharing the BurdenPub Date : 2019-10-24DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0008
Charlie Laderman
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Charlie Laderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618605.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter explores why the declining American and British political interest in the Armenians during the early 1920s signifies a critical juncture in the history of both nations’ history of humanitarian engagement. It explores the legacy of the debate over an American mandate for Armenia and its impact on the history of humanitarian intervention, the formation of the post-Ottoman Near East, the development of the League of Nations, the postwar strategy of the British Empire, and the shaping of broader ideas about America’s place in the world. The debate over protecting the Armenians elucidates the ideals and interests that shaped US foreign policy in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. It also demonstrates dilemmas in humanitarian politics that continue to confront contemporary policymakers.","PeriodicalId":165972,"journal":{"name":"Sharing the Burden","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127638427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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