{"title":"Evolution of Genetic Information without Error Replication","authors":"Guenther Witzany","doi":"10.1142/9789813277496_0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813277496_0014","url":null,"abstract":"Darwinian evolutionary theory has two key terms, variations and biological selection, which finally lead to survival of the fittest variant. With the rise of molecular genetics, variations were explained as results of error replications out of the genetic master templates. For more than half a century, it has been accepted that new genetic information is mostly derived from random error-based events. But the error replication narrative has problems explaining the sudden emergence of new species, new phenotypic traits, and genome innovations as a sudden single event. Meanwhile, it is recognized that errors cannot explain the evolution of genetic information, genetic novelty, and complexity. Now, empirical evidence establishes the crucial role of non-random genetic content editors, such as viruses, diversity generating retroelements, and other RNA networks, to produce new genetic information, complex regulatory control, inheritance vectors, genetic identity, immunity, new sequence space, evolution of complex organisms, and evolutionary transitions.","PeriodicalId":165798,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Information Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126984612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Theory of Semantic Information in the Context of its Ecology","authors":"Yixin Zhong, G. Dodig-Crnkovic","doi":"10.1142/9789813277496_0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813277496_0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":165798,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Information Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114791300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Biology of Information","authors":"R. Logan","doi":"10.1142/9789813277496_0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813277496_0011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":165798,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Information Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114203506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FRONT MATTER","authors":"M. Burgin, G. Dodig-Crnkovic","doi":"10.1142/9789813277496_fmatter","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813277496_fmatter","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":165798,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Information Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130945947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Multiscale Taxonomy of Information in the World","authors":"M. Burgin, Gordana Dodig Crnkovic","doi":"10.1142/9789813277496_0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813277496_0002","url":null,"abstract":"We construct a multiscale multi-aspect taxonomy of information. This taxonomy is a unified system of aspect taxonomies of information, the majority of which are developed by the authors while others are suggested by other researchers. Each aspect taxonomy reflects some aspect of information representing modes of this aspect. In such a way, information is represented in a multidimensional parametric space. This representation has several goals: to support conceptual analysis of information, allow better utilization of information in the domain of cognition, to enable improvement of efficiency of information processing systems, such as search engines, and to provide better methodological approaches to information.","PeriodicalId":165798,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Information Studies","volume":"106 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114134426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The “No Information at a Distance” Principle and Local Mathematics: Some Effects on Physics and Geometry","authors":"P. Benioff","doi":"10.1142/9789813277496_0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813277496_0007","url":null,"abstract":"Local mathematics assumes the existence of number structures of different types, vector spaces, etc. localized at each space time point. Relations between number structures at different locations are based on two aspects: distinction between two so far conflated concepts, number and number value and the \"No information at a distance\" principle. This principle forbids the choice of the value of a number at one location to determine the value of the same number at another location. Value changing connections, related to a real valued field, $g,$ move numbers between structures at different locations. The effect of the $g$ field, or its exponential equivalent, $g(y)=e^{alpha(y)},$ on numbers extends to other mathematical structures, vector spaces, etc. \u0000The presence of $alpha$ affects theoretical descriptions of quantities in physics and geometry. Two examples are described, the effect on the Dirac Lagrangian in gauge theory, and the effect on path lengths and distances in geometry. The gradient field of $alpha$, $vec{A},$ appears in the Lagrangian as a spin $0$, real scalar field that couples to the fermion field. Any value for the mass of $vec{A}$ is possible. The lack of direct experimental evidence for the presence of the $g$ or $alpha$ field means that the field must be essentially constant within a local region of the cosmological universe. Outside the local region there are no restrictions on the field. Possible physical candidates, (inflaton, dark matter, dark energy) for $alpha$ are noted.","PeriodicalId":165798,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Information Studies","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122163548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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