{"title":"Chapter Five. In The Barracoons Of Cartagena","authors":"L. Newson, S. Minchin","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.27","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter examines how slaves were bought and sold in Cartagena and subsequently housed and prepared for their onward journey. It focuses particularly on the diet of slaves and leaving discussions of health conditions. For Cartagena and Panama all six journals give the daily purchases of food, but only two contain entries for the coast of Peru. Slave ships arriving in Cartagena were required to undergo an inspection during which the numbers of slaves entering the port were counted and the ship searched for any undeclared slaves. An examination of the slaves purchased by Sebastian Duarte on behalf of Manuel Bautista Perez in 1633 provides some insight into the manner in which slaves were acquired for transhipment to Peru. Various types of equipment were also purchased to support the slaves in Cartagena. Nearly 40 percent was spent on cooking equipment, storage vessels and eating bowls.Keywords: cartagena; Manuel Bautista Perez; Sebastian Duarte; slave trader","PeriodicalId":164746,"journal":{"name":"From Capture to Sale","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127118153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Seven. Slave Doctors, Surgeons And Popular Healers","authors":"L. Newson, S. Minchin","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.43","url":null,"abstract":"From the time the slaves were purchased in Cartagena to the time they were sold in Lima and other parts of Peru, the slave traders tried to maximize their profits by minimizing mortality and restoring sick slaves to health. First, there were the licensed physicians, surgeons and others who had received some formal training and had passed the requisite examinations. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Spain controlled the practice of medicine more than any other European country. Apart from the healing practices of licensed practitioners and popular healers, the Church played a significant role in caring for the sick, particularly though not solely through the establishment of hospices and hospitals. Manuel Bautista Perez like many other slave owners preferred private to hospitalized care because of the expense involved and the danger that slaves might contract diseases if placed in a hospital.Keywords: Cartagena; Manuel Bautista Perez; popular healers; slave doctors; surgeons","PeriodicalId":164746,"journal":{"name":"From Capture to Sale","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127476096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Two. The Acquisition Of Slaves","authors":"L. Newson, S. Minchin","doi":"10.1163/ej.9789004156791.i-373.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004156791.i-373.12","url":null,"abstract":"Manuel Bautista Perez acquired slaves from both Upper Guinea and Angola. He was personally involved in the acquisition of slaves in Upper Guinea on two slave-trading expeditions to the Coast between 1613 and 1618. This chapter discusses the acquisition of slaves in Upper Guinea. It examines how the experience of slaves in Africa, both prior to and during captivity, affected their survival in the Americas and also provides a brief account of the way that slaves were acquired in Angola, before discussing the cost of slaves and the numbers exported from the Africa and America regions. The Portuguese acquired slaves through three means. The first was through warfare, the second was through tribute imposed on defeated local chiefs that was payable in slaves, and the third was through pombeiros. The early seventeenth century saw the growing importance of Angola as a source of slaves.Keywords: Angola; Manuel Bautista Perez; pombeiros; slaves; Upper Guinea coast","PeriodicalId":164746,"journal":{"name":"From Capture to Sale","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124673655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Six. The Final Passage","authors":"L. Newson, S. Minchin","doi":"10.1163/ej.9789004156791.i-373.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004156791.i-373.35","url":null,"abstract":"The final journey for slaves from Cartagena to Lima was characterised by numerous variations in their diet and living conditions. The foods fed to slaves differed markedly on different stretches of the journey reflecting local environmental conditions, traditional agricultural practices, as well as the availability of labor. Alternatively, the greater part of the journey could be undertaken by the Chagres River, which originated three leagues from Panama and flowed north to the Caribbean coast. Most slaves would have slept in the open air, but small settlements with lodging houses for merchants and other travelers, would have been used by the slave traders. In the 1620s Manuel Bautista Perez's slaves appear to have been lodged in rented houses, 157 but this changed once he acquired a chacara at Bocanegra and accommodation was provided at San Lazaro.Keywords: Bocanegra; Caribbean coast; Chagres River; Manuel Bautista Perez; slave traders","PeriodicalId":164746,"journal":{"name":"From Capture to Sale","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121893914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Three. Time On The Coast","authors":"L. Newson, S. Minchin","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.17","url":null,"abstract":"A number of scholars have suggested that mortality during captivity on the African coast was considerable and may even have exceeded that during the Middle Passage. In the eighteenth century slave traders spent less time on the coast to safeguard the health of the crew who quickly succumbed to malaria and other tropical diseases. Once the slaves had been acquired they were accommodated quite differently in Cacheu and Luanda. In the early years of the European slave trade on the Upper Guinea Coast, the slaves were collected on board ship. According to Manuel Bautista Perez’s accounts for 1617 and 1618 some slaves were sent aboard regularly, generally in larger batches than they had been acquired. In conclusion, during the early seventeenth century Portuguese slave traders often stayed on the coast for eight months to over a year, not only acquiring slaves but also trading more widely.Keywords: Manuel Bautista Perez; slave trader; Upper Guinea coast","PeriodicalId":164746,"journal":{"name":"From Capture to Sale","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122160608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter One. A Bureaucratic Business","authors":"L. Newson, S. Minchin","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.8","url":null,"abstract":"Spain seems to have had no moral objection to African slavery. In Portugal, even though the Crown formally had the monopoly of the trade of slaves with Africa, traditionally the control of trade and the collection of taxes had been farmed out to private individuals. In order to fulfill the contract the asentista had to maintain offices in Lisbon, Seville and Madrid for the sale of licences. Manuel Bautista Perez purchased 280 slave licences with a permitted excess of 20 percent. Accounts of the slave trade in the eighteenth century suggest that barter goods might account for up to two-thirds of the total costs of outfitting a slave-trading ship, with the cost of the crew being only one third. On top of these costs there were notarial fees and bribes to be paid to smooth and complete the bureaucratic process in Seville that cost another 422 pesos.Keywords: asentista ; bureaucratic business; Manuel Bautista Perez; Portuguese Crown; slave trade","PeriodicalId":164746,"journal":{"name":"From Capture to Sale","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125647191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Eight. Medicines And Mortality","authors":"L. Newson, S. Minchin","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.48","url":null,"abstract":"Medical practice in sixteenth-century Spain was dominated by the views of Galen and Hippocrates, which during the Renaissance received renewed interest as humanist scholars turned back to Ancient Greece for their inspiration and began to examine the original Greek sources. Most medicines arrived in the New World through the normal trade routes from Spain, although merchants based in Lisbon, Antwerp or Venice supplied them. Doctors, hospitals and monasteries initially obtained their medicines from merchants or from boticarios. Mortality on land was considerably higher, though it varied significantly from year to year. As in Panama, the highest mortality among slaves once they arrived in Lima appears to have been associated with smallpox, measles or dysentery. Overall mortality from Cartagena to Lima was highly variable, with outbreaks of smallpox or measles being the main source of the variation.Keywords: Cartagena; medicines; mortality; slave trader","PeriodicalId":164746,"journal":{"name":"From Capture to Sale","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132439234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glossary Of Spanish And Portuguese Terms","authors":"L. Newson, S. Minchin","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004156791.I-373.63","url":null,"abstract":"This section of the book From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century contains a glossary of Spanish and Portugal terms. Knowledge of the African transatlantic slave trade is based primarily on its operation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when the slave trade was at its height and for which information collected by abolitionists greatly adds to the evidence available. At this time the slave trade focused on North America, the West Indies and Brazil. However in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries nearly 60 percent of the 600, 000 African slaves that arrived in the Americas were destined for Spanish America.Keywords: African slaves; Portuguese slave trade","PeriodicalId":164746,"journal":{"name":"From Capture to Sale","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125437703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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