{"title":"The Science of Design: Creating the Artificial","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":161091,"journal":{"name":"The Sciences of the Artificial","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123929644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction by John E. Laird","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":161091,"journal":{"name":"The Sciences of the Artificial","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128274737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Architecture of Complexity: Hierarchic Systems","authors":"H. Simon","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter contains sections titled: Hierarchic Systems, Social Systems, Biological and Physical Systems, Symbolic Systems, The Evolution of Complex Systems, Biological Evolution, Evolution of Multi-Cellular Organisms, Problem Solving as Natural Selection, The Sources of Selectivity, On Empires and Empire Building, Conclusion: The Evolutionary Explanation of Hierarchy, Nearly Decomposable Systems, Near Decomposability of Social Systems, Physicochemical Systems, Some Observations on Hierarchic Span, Summary: Near Decomposability, Biological Evolution Revisited, The Description of Complexity, Near Decomposability and Comprehensibility, Simple Descriptions of Complex Systems, State Descriptions and Process Descriptions, The Description of Complexity in Self-Reproducing Systems, Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny, Summary: The Description of Complexity, Conclusion","PeriodicalId":161091,"journal":{"name":"The Sciences of the Artificial","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131667952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preface to Second Edition","authors":"S. Salomonson, I. Lindgren","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"In this second revised edition several parts of the first edition have been rewritten and extended. This is particularly the case for Chaps. 4, 6 and 8, which represent the central parts of the book. The presentation of numerical results concerning quantum-electrodynamical (QED) effects in combination with electron correlation is extended and now includes radiative QED effects (electron self-energy, vertex correction and vacuum polarization), involving the use of Feynman and Coulomb gauges. A new section (Part IV) has been added, dealing with QED effects in dynamical processes. It turned out that the Green’s operator, introduced primarily for structure problems, is particularly suitable also for dealing with dynamical processes, when bound states are involved. Here, certain singularities may appear of the same kind as in dealing with static processes, leading to so-called model-space contributions. These cannot be handled with the standard S-matrix formulation, which is the normal procedure for dynamical processes involving only free-particle states. This has led to a modification of the optical theorem applicable also to bound states, where the S-matrix is replaced by the Green’s operator. In addition, a number of misprints and other errors have been corrected for, and I am grateful to all readers who have pointed out some of them to me. I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. Walter Greiner, Frankfurt, and to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for moral and economic support during the entire work with this book. I am very grateful to my coworkers, Sten Salomonson, Daniel Hedendahl and Johan Holmberg, for valuable cooperation and for allowing me to include results that are unpublished or in the process of being published.","PeriodicalId":161091,"journal":{"name":"The Sciences of the Artificial","volume":"8 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123707959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alternative Views of Complexity","authors":"H. Simon","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter contains sections titled: Conceptions of Complexity, Holism and Reductionism, Cybernetics and General Systems Theory, Current Interest in Complexity, Catastrophe Theory, Complexity and Chaos, Rationality in a Catastrophic or Chaotic World, Complexity and Evolution, Conclusion","PeriodicalId":161091,"journal":{"name":"The Sciences of the Artificial","volume":"22 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124648841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remembering and Learning: Memory as Environment for Thought","authors":"H. Simon","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":161091,"journal":{"name":"The Sciences of the Artificial","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116485457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Planning: Designing the Evolving Artifact","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":161091,"journal":{"name":"The Sciences of the Artificial","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130819719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic Rationality: Adaptive Artifice","authors":"H. Simon","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter contains sections titled: The Economic Actor, Procedural Rationality, Operations Research and Management Science, Satisficing and Aspiration Levels, Markets and Organizations, The Invisible Hand, Uncertainty and Expectations, Business Organizations, Organizational Loyalties and Identifications, The Evolutionary Model, The Alternative Theory of Economic Man, Local and Global Maxima, The Myopia of Evolution, The Mechanisms of Economic Evolution, Human Society","PeriodicalId":161091,"journal":{"name":"The Sciences of the Artificial","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124157142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Psychology of Thinking: Embedding Artifice in Nature","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12107.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":161091,"journal":{"name":"The Sciences of the Artificial","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124260362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}