{"title":"The Rise and Decline of Arab Statehood, 1919 to 2011","authors":"Ariel I. Ahram","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190917371.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190917371.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 details how Arab states came of age in the midst of a global transformation in notions of sovereignty, self-determination, and statehood following World War I. The coupling of Wilsonian liberal norms with changes in the global balance of power afforded some local actors pronounced advantages in attaining and building statehood. New states, including Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Iraq, owe their independence to this change. For others, though, the new rules of the international system obstructed the pursuit of sovereignty. Kurds in Syria and Iraq, Christian communities, and others tried and failed to gain statehood. Struggles in the Arab world, accordingly, became more about vertical or centripetal tendencies and less about separatism.","PeriodicalId":156797,"journal":{"name":"Break all the Borders","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125309281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kurdistan","authors":"Ariel I. Ahram","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190917371.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917371.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 focuses on the Kurds, the region’s largest stateless minority group. This chapter compares and contrasts the efforts by the Kurdish Regional Government in Iraq, which has operated with more or less unfettered autonomy since 1991, and Rojava, the Kurdish entity that appeared in Syria during the civil war in 2011. Both maintained liminal positions within their parent state, pledging their loyalty to the governments of Iraq and Syria while at the same time maximizing their autonomy from any central control. They articulated their demands for separatism by pointing to the denial of Kurdish self-determination at the end of World War I and engage international society for support.","PeriodicalId":156797,"journal":{"name":"Break all the Borders","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131072953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cyrenaica","authors":"Ariel I. Ahram","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190917371.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917371.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 3 examines the separatist conflict in Cyrenaica, eastern Libya. With the central government effectively moribund, federalists sought to take over ports and oil facilities in the east. Federalists in Libya made direct reference to the emirate of Cyrenaica and demand the restitution of autonomies enjoyed prior to the Qaddafi era. Libyan federalists faced opposition not only from the central government, which deemed federalists’ seizure of power illegal, but also from Islamist factions that took root in many eastern cities. Federalist forces fought against these groups and gained control over oil resources. The federalists, therefore, appealed to the international community for support on the basis of their potential to stabilize a country in disarray.","PeriodicalId":156797,"journal":{"name":"Break all the Borders","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122225550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Southern Yemen","authors":"Ariel I. Ahram","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190917371.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917371.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 looks at the Southern Movement (SM) in Yemen. As in Libya, the Southern Movement took advantage of the ouster of a dictatorship and the crumbling of an already weak central government. The Yemen civil war, which erupted as Houthi forces from the north stormed Sana’a, gave the SM a new opportunity to take control in the south. The SM claimed the once-independent South Yemen as its direct forebear. There was disagreement within the SM about whether to seek outright secession or accept federalist devolution. Various factions within the SM vied for control over Yemen’s oil deposits and ports. The SM tried to win international support, particularly from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, claiming that it could be a force for stability.","PeriodicalId":156797,"journal":{"name":"Break all the Borders","volume":"2015 22","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114124493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Islamic State","authors":"Ariel I. Ahram","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190917371.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190917371.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 is about the Islamic State. IS in some respects stood as the outlier among these cases. It adamantly rejected the sovereignty of all existing states and asserted that its own independence represents the recreation of the medieval Islamic caliphate. In so doing, IS disrupted not just Syria and Iraq but the entire structure of the international system. Still, much like other separatists, IS also used the vocabulary of self-determination derived from the Wilsonian moment to denounce the existing regional order and offer its own alternative. It similarly sought to establish undisputed physical control over territories left unguarded by Syria and Iraq, creating parallel state institutions that supplanted the nominal sovereign.","PeriodicalId":156797,"journal":{"name":"Break all the Borders","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116108579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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