Day 1 Tue, February 04, 2020最新文献

{"title":"Perforating Trends, Technology and Evaluation in North America","authors":"Christopher Squires, C. Ramos, M. Clay","doi":"10.2118/199744-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/199744-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Perforating cemented casing is a staple for completing wells in every major basin in North America. The objective is to provide a highly conductive pathway between the wellbore and the target formation for both the stimulation and production fluids. New technology, statistical analysis, experimentation and trial-and-error are all used to find the optimal method for creating this pathway. Diagnostics like proppant tracers, downhole cameras, distributed temperature sensing (DTS), distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and perforation friction pressure analysis can also be used to help evaluate the successes associated with the different methods for perforating.\u0000 New technology in creating consistent hole perforations in a horizontal wellbore, without the need for mechanical centralization or positioning systems, has recently been developed. This method of perforating employs a specialty shaped charge that allows for more control in the distribution of entry hole diameter (EHD) across a given cluster. This provides operators a more predictable and consistent pathway from the wellbore to the formation.\u0000 Not only is a consistent hole desirable in a standard multi-cluster stage treatment, but other recent completions trends can also benefit from increased precision in perforating. High density perforating (HDP) is being used in order to create more transverse fractures along the length of the well. A consistent hole allows for more precise estimations of pressure drop across each cluster in these mostly limited-entry or extreme limited entry (XLE) completions. Additionally, near-wellbore (NWB) perf sealing pods are being used to divert treatments from initially open clusters to bypassed or partially open clusters in an attempt to force perf cluster efficiencies higher and distribute stimulation fluids and proppant more evenly. Having a consistent hole for every perforation is ideal in attempting to seal the perforations in the NWB region with a fixed diameter pod. SPE 189900 (Senters, et al 2018) provides more detail on diversion optimization. Engineered completions design is employed in an attempt to selectively perforate rock within a stage with similar mechanical properties to drive stimulated cluster efficiencies higher. Perforating similar rock with a consistent hole shaped charge only stands to improve the chances of distributing the treatment more evenly throughout the clusters.\u0000 This paper will provide insight into the recent trends in perforating which show an increase in the amount of consistent hole shaped charges versus conventional shaped charges like deep penetrating and large hole. Diagnostic data accompanies entry hole diameter statistics and friction pressure calculations for the consistent hole shaped charges in order to demonstrate how they differ from conventional shaped charges. Finally, proppant tracer diagnostics will highlight several case studies where consistent hole shaped charges or other recent perforating methods were employ","PeriodicalId":155898,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, February 04, 2020","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132313168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Limited Entry Perforating & Diverter Completion Techniques with Ultrasonic Perforation Imaging & Fiber Optic DTS Warmbacks","authors":"C. Murphree, Malcolm Kintzing, S. Robinson, J. Sepehri","doi":"10.2118/199712-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/199712-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The objective of this project was to evaluate extreme, limited-entry perforating and particulate diverter completion techniques with ultrasonic perforation imaging and distributed temperature sensing (DTS). The scope of this project includes multiple, Midland Basin, horizontal wells completed with varied completion designs. Ultrasonic images of the perforations were obtained prior to fracturing and post-fracturing to observe erosion patterns of each design. Fiber optic DTS warmbacks gathered temperature profiles of each wellbore after stimulation to quantify fracture initiation points (FIP) of each design.\u0000 Perforation imaging results showed that all perforation clusters were eroded. This indicates that all clusters of perforations received some amount of treatment fluid and proppant. The data collected also suggest that perforation erosion occurs quickly, and the rate of perforation erosion decreases dramatically after a critical mass of proppant is pumped through the perforations, potentially negating high perforation friction designs early in the stage. Despite all clusters showing some level of perforation erosion, fiber optic DTS warmback data only showed fracture initiation points for ∼70% of the clusters (cluster efficiency of 70%). This data suggests that multiple clusters could be receiving fluid and proppant while contributing to a single fracture network and not creating a unique, dominate fracture for each perforation cluster. Another possibility is that although some clusters were receiving treatment slurry, the amount of stimulation was not sufficient to create and sustain a major fracture.\u0000 The data gathered in this project should change conventional thought processes on a number of subjects including perforation erosion, limited-entry, diverters, proppant placement, fracture growth, and DTS interpretations.","PeriodicalId":155898,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, February 04, 2020","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117337275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation on Parameters Affecting the Coefficient of Discharge of a Perforation Hole in Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments","authors":"J. Loehken, D. Yosefnejad, B. Fricke","doi":"10.2118/199746-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/199746-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hydraulic fracturing is the most popular well stimulation technique for extracting hydrocarbons from unconventional oil and natural gas reservoirs. During this process the stimulation fluid is injected into the reservoir from the wellbore with a pressure higher than the breakdown pressure of the reservoir in order to create fractures in the formation.\u0000 The pressures needed for hydraulic fracturing depend on many factors such as injection pressure and flow-rate, fluid density, fluid viscosity and the perforation hole. One of the important factors affecting the perforation pressure loss is the Coefficient of Discharge (Cd). This work looks deeper into the factors, which determine the magnitude of this value. Especially for a perforation hole, many of these factors are still not fully understood today and need further research.\u0000 As part of this study a new high pressure, high flow test vessel was built, which is compatible with our API19B Section IV test setup, in order to investigate some of the factors that could affect the Cd and subsequently the perforation pressure loss in the fracturing treatment. CFD simulations have been carried out to compare our experimental results with numerical models. In addition, we investigate the effect of the perforation hole size (area) by using different charges, the length of the fluid flow path, the hole geometry (shape), the effect of injecting high viscous fluid and finally the effect of Burr and Cement on the magnitude of the Cd magnitude for the perforated holes.\u0000 We developed a simple setup to deduce Cd values from perforations which were created in API19B Section II or Section IV test vessel. The values were measured for different pressure differentials, back-pressures and flow rates. The results show that the above-mentioned parameters directly affect the Cd value and subsequently the near wellbore pressure loss near the perforated hole. The values measured for real perforation holes differ significantly from simple drilled bores. Burrs on the inside and outside of the casing effect the magnitude as well as the length of the flow path.\u0000 Our new data sheds new light on the benefit of accurate measurements of Cd values for every shaped charge which helps to efficiently design the hydraulic fracturing stimulation treatment for oil and gas well.","PeriodicalId":155898,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, February 04, 2020","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124966946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}