{"title":"Introduction to Spin, Magnetic Resonance and Polarization","authors":"T. Niinikoski","doi":"10.1017/9781108567435.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108567435.002","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we shall review the mathematical formalism required for the understanding of the spin physics of polarized targets. Particular focus is given to the problems treating the situations that are favorable for obtaining high polarizations: high magnetic field and low lattice temperature. In the following sections we shall first discuss the concept of the spin and magnetic moment and work out in detail some standard quantum mechanical problems involving these variables. The quantum statistics of a system of spins is then overviewed, before briefly introducing the thermodynamics of spin systems. Most of these can be found in well-known textbooks of quantum mechanics, such as those of Dicke and Wittke [1] and of Landau and Lifshitz [2], and of magnetic resonance, such as Abragam [3], Goldman [4], Abragam and Goldman [5] and Slichter [6]. The main justification for presenting textbook material is that we need to make frequent reference to this basic formalism. Three further reasons are:","PeriodicalId":153182,"journal":{"name":"The Physics of Polarized Targets","volume":"92 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128851526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Relaxation","authors":"T. Niinikoski","doi":"10.1017/9781108567435.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108567435.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":153182,"journal":{"name":"The Physics of Polarized Targets","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115095496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic Nuclear Polarization","authors":"Matthew E. Merritt","doi":"10.1017/9781108567435.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108567435.005","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) is a phenomenon by which high spin polarization, typically derived from a bath of free radical electrons, is transferred to a nuclear spin bath, enhancing the difference between the nuclear energy levels and thereby producing dramatically enhanced NMR signals for detection. The phenomenon was first predicted by Overhauser1, but was not observed experimentally until the work of Slichter in metals in 1953.2 It was soon understood that the same technique could be used to develop high polarizations of 1H, 2H, and 13C in non-conducting solids. This advance became foundational for production of solid targets for high energy physics research.3–5 High nuclear polarizations in the targets simplified the results of neutron scattering experiments. Subsequently, the DNP method migrated to chemistry, being used to study a variety of structural questions in the solid state.6,7 Robert Griffin of MIT has pioneered the use of DNP for signal enhancement in solid state NMR distance measurements for structural biology.8 In his method, a water soluble free radical is doped into a matrix containing H2O/glycerol and the solute molecule/ protein to be studied. This method has recently been used to study the K intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin in intact purple membrane.9 While DNP is also possible in the liquid state, it is much less efficient due to the diminishment of the intermolecular dipolar couplings by fast molecular tumbling.10","PeriodicalId":153182,"journal":{"name":"The Physics of Polarized Targets","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123076229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and Optimization of Polarized Target Experiments","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108567435.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108567435.012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":153182,"journal":{"name":"The Physics of Polarized Targets","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133680532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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