{"title":"The Politics of German Finance for REDD+","authors":"T. Pistorius, L. Kiff","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2622776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2622776","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and its framing of forest protection as a climate mitigation approach mark a clear paradigm shift – after decades of up-front financing of traditional ODA projects REDD+ follows the logic of ex-post payments for measured and verified performance within much larger jurisdictions. Germany has been among the major donor countries supporting forest protection for a long time: during the last three decades it has continuously supported developing countries in their efforts to cope with unsustainable use and conversion of forests through direct programming and activities within its bilateral development cooperation. Convinced of the urgency to facilitate an effective transformative change in the global land sector, Germany continues its support and is also among those countries that promoted REDD+ early on. It considers the concept as a major chance to slow down and eventually reverse the overuse and conversion of forests, especially in recognition that traditional development assistance has not succeeded in stopping the detrimental uses of forest lands. REDD+ is seen as a way to break new ground in order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of international support.","PeriodicalId":152976,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Land Use Land Cover Change (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129203732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomass Productivity-Based Mapping of Global Land Degradation Hotspots","authors":"Quang Bao Le, E. Nkonya, A. Mirzabaev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2465799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2465799","url":null,"abstract":"Land degradation affects negatively the livelihoods and food security of global population. There have been recurring efforts by the international community to identify the global extent and severity of land degradation. Using the long-term trend of biomass productivity as a proxy of land degradation at global scale, we identify the degradation hotspots in the world across major land cover types. We correct factors confounding the relationship between the remotely sensed vegetation index and land-based biomass productivity, including the effects of inter-annual rainfall variation, atmospheric fertilization and intensive use of chemical fertilizers. Our findings show that land degradation hotpots cover about 29 % of global land area and are happening in all agro-ecologies and land cover types. This figure does not include all areas of degraded lands, it refers to areas where land degradation is most acute and requires priority actions in both in-depth research and management measures to combat land degradation. About 3.2 billion people reside in these degrading areas. However, the number of people affected by land degradation is likely to be higher as more people depend on the continuous flow of ecosystem goods and services from these affected areas. Land improvement has occurred in about 2.7 % of global land area during the last three decades, suggesting that with appropriate actions land degradation trend could be reversed. We also identify concrete aspects in which these results should be interpreted with cautions, the limitations of this work and the key areas for future research.","PeriodicalId":152976,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Land Use Land Cover Change (Topic)","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116389525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jurgen van der Heijden, R. Franssen, Gerald Jan Ellen, F. V. Lamoen, E. J. Melisie, K. Peerdeman, Steven Van Rooij, Michiel H. A. Wind, M. Paalman
{"title":"The Interactive Business Case Approach for Multiple Land Use: More Efficiency, Less Costs!","authors":"Jurgen van der Heijden, R. Franssen, Gerald Jan Ellen, F. V. Lamoen, E. J. Melisie, K. Peerdeman, Steven Van Rooij, Michiel H. A. Wind, M. Paalman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1983400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1983400","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes Interactive Business Case Approach (IBCA) in a participatory planning setting concerning multifunctional land use, as an instrument for climate adaptation strategies. Multifunctional land use is an solution to optimize the use of scare spatial resources, especially in densely populated areas such as the Netherlands. Multifunctional land use is also a strategy to deal with the effects of climate change and social economic trends. The goal of IBCA is to provide an approach to handle the complexity of multi functional land use. Due to different stakeholders, each with their own perspective, interest and different gains on the short and longer term. IBCA brings the short and longer-term interests together by creating business ideas, business cases and business plans together with stakeholders. The approach focuses on the opportunities by which the concept of multifunctional land use can give added value to the area. Stakeholders become shareholders, and mutual gains become small cooperation’s or companies. The IBCA is applied to different scale projects in The Netherlands. One project focused on the whole province of Noord-Brabant, especially the sandy rural regions. The other project focused on a large-scale construction project of Rijkswaterstaat, which comprises the extension of a ship lock, and broadens a busy waterway. It showed that IBCA poses challenges to both content (planning and design) and process (governance). New combinations of agriculture, ecology and leisure also require new coalitions of stakeholders, supported by new financial, legal or policy instruments. The advantages and disadvantages of the application of IBCA on different scales is compared in a SWOT analysis which is then compared with the Mutual Gains Approach.","PeriodicalId":152976,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Land Use Land Cover Change (Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131141315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exurban Development","authors":"D. Newburn, P. Berck","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1782169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1782169","url":null,"abstract":"Exurbia, the rural area beyond the built-up urban and contiguous suburban area, is being developed rapidly with attendant losses in habitat and ecosystem services. This paper analyzes a spatial dynamic model with two production technologies for residential development - municipal sewer service for suburban development and septic systems for exurban development. In outlying agricultural areas, the additional sewer extension costs can significantly reduce the value of agricultural land in suburban use. Exurban development, while at lower density, can occur immediately and requires only the onsite conversion costs of septic systems. Hence, the willingness to pay for exurban use from households with higher preferences for lot size may exceed the agricultural landowner’s reservation price on future suburban use for a range of distances from the city boundary. This results in a “feasible zone” for exurban leapfrog development and another fundamental reason for scattered development in the urban-rural fringe.","PeriodicalId":152976,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Land Use Land Cover Change (Topic)","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131419324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficiency and Biodiversity – Empirical Evidence from Tanzania","authors":"J. Abdallah, J. Sauer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3249388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3249388","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to deliver empirical evidence on the links between production efficiency, biodiversity, and resource management by analysing a case study on small-scale tobacco production in the Miombo woodlands in Tanzania. The subsistence nature of tobacco production in Tanzania suggests that most power driven equipments, fertilizers and sustainable crop processing technologies are beyond the reach of most small-scale tobacco growers. The consequence is that in order to expand their production tobacco farmers heavily substitute such inputs by an increasing use of wood. Hence an increasing amount of forest land is cleared by the farmers resulting in forest degradation and a loss of biodiversity. This study determines in a first step the efficiency of tobacco production bordering the Miombo woodlands in Tanzania as well as investigates factors for the relative inefficiency on farm level. In a second step the relation between forest species diversity in the surrounding woodlands and tobacco production efficiency as well as between diversity and the type of institutional arrangement with respect to forest management are empirically analysed. The results indicate that the different efficiency measures vary widely over the sample, showing a significant positive effect of the curing technology – i.e. the design of the barn - and the source of the firewood. The majority of farmers produce with increasing returns to scale. A strong positive correlation between the tobacco production efficiency and forest diversity as well as between community based arrangements and forest diversity is revealed. This finally suggests that agricultural production efficiency is conducive for environmental sustainability with respect to tobacco in Tanzania as well as supports property rights based institutional arrangements for forest resource management.","PeriodicalId":152976,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Land Use Land Cover Change (Topic)","volume":"os-12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127761930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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