PSN: Resource Wars (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Mismo Recurso, Diferentes Conflictos: Un Análisis De La Relación Entre Oro, Conflicto Y Criminalidad En Seis Departamentos Colombianos (Same Resource, Different Conflicts: An Analysis of the Relationship between Gold, Conflict and Criminality in Six Colombian Regions)","authors":"A. Rettberg, J. Cárdenas, Juan Felipe Ortiz-Riomalo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3081131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3081131","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> La adopción de una nueva política minera en 2001 junto con el drástico incremento de los precios internacionales de oro desde ese mismo año ha motivado la expansión de la minería aurífera (formal e informal) en Colombia. Desde entonces, tanto en regiones mineras tradicionales como nuevas regiones auríferas, diversidad de actores estatales y no estatales (operadores mineros de distintas escalas, nacionalidades y grados de formalidad, comunidades y autoridades locales y regionales, organizaciones ambientales, representantes del sector agrícola) han estado envueltos en tensiones y conflictos en torno al manejo del recurso aurífero (cómo extraerlo, captar sus rentas y evitar y manejar sus externalidades). Además, actores armados no estatales han encontrado en la minería de oro una fuente rentable de ingresos para complementar o incluso sustituir fuentes tradicionales de ingresos (secuestro y producción y tráfico de narcóticos). Bajo este panorama nacional en el que la minería de oro se entrelaza con el conflicto (violento y no violento), una mirada al nivel sub-nacional expone dinámicas particulares en las cuales la producción de oro se puede encontrar tanto aislada como vinculada al conflicto a través de diferentes canales o mecanismos. Es pues el propósito de este capítulo estudiar esas dinámicas sub-nacionales. Para ello se comparan las trayectorias de seis regiones auríferas en Colombia teniendo en cuenta tanto las características particulares del proceso de producción y comercialización como las características del contexto institucional (reglas en uso), político (dinámicas sub-nacionales del conflicto armado), sociocultural (características de los actores involucrados) y biofísico (las características físicas del recurso minero). Esta comparación permite identificar un conjunto de posibles factores que configuran patrones sub-nacionales de la relación entre minería de oro y conflicto. A partir de este análisis, el capítulo ofrece pistas para orientar el diseño e implementación de políticas y estrategias orientadas tanto desvincular el oro del conflicto, así como a integrarlo en arreglos institucionales que promuevan decisiones responsables y cooperativas en su manejo. <b>English Abstract:</b>Since 2001, a new enacted national mining legislation and skyrocketing international gold prices have triggered the expansion of formal and informal gold mining in Colombia. Since then, in both traditional and new gold mining regions, mining operators of various scales, nationalities and levels of formality; local and regional communities; local and regional authorities; environmental organizations; and representatives of the farming sectors, have been entangled in tensions revolving on the way to extract gold, capture its rents, and avoid and manage its impacts on the environment and other economic activities. Furthermore, non‐state armed actors have found in gold mining a profitable source of income to either complement or substit","PeriodicalId":150589,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Resource Wars (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126409189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Shocks and Rebel Tactics: Evidence from Colombia","authors":"Austin L. Wright","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2660582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2660582","url":null,"abstract":"Why do rebels vary their tactics? Some insurgents employ terrorism and hit-and run attacks; others wage conventional wars against state rivals. Although recent scholarship studies how the technologies of rebellion differ across insurgencies, we have few explanations for why rebel tactics vary within conflicts. I argue rebels’ tactical choices reflect the incentives and imperatives of three constraints: economic opportunities of non-combatants, state strength, and rebel capacity. To test if these constraints shape the character of internal violence, I study microdata on rebel violence in Colombia and exploit plausibly random shocks to local income from coffee, oil and coca production. I find evidence that local economic shocks substantially affect rebel tactics. Specifically, when government forces benefit from local windfalls and economic opportunities for civilians improve, insurgents favor irregular tactics. On the other hand, when rebels are strengthened, they favor conventional tactics. These results are robust to accounting for numerous potential sources of bias, including atmospheric dispersion of illicit crop herbicides, violence spillovers from drug trafficking, and foreign military aid shocks. The main findings also support my claim that economic constraints bind rebel tactics, challenge prominent theories of insurgency, and are relevant to the comparative study of political violence, with important implications for scholars and policy makers.","PeriodicalId":150589,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Resource Wars (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129885357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}