International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems最新文献

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Direct Contact Membrane Desalination in Conjugate Heat Transfer Configuration: Role of Membrane Conductivity","authors":"I. Janajreh, Dana Suwwan","doi":"10.5383/swes.06.02.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5383/swes.06.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"The Abstract- Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) is modeled using the conjugate heat transfer Navies-stokes flow model. A uniform salty and relatively hot feed and colder fresh permeate flow are driven by the peristaltic pump are considered in parallel configuration across the membrane. Depending on the membrane parameters (permeability, thickness, pour size, and conductivity) the resulted temperature difference leads to a pressure gradient responsible for the vaporizing fraction of the feed and transport to the permeate side through the hydrophobic membrane. Under different flow conditions and membrane conductivity mass flux, heat flux, temperature polarization, and thermal efficiency are evaluated. Results showed a good agreement with the published theoretical work on the mass flow this followed with sensitivity study to two parameters one is operational and the other is designed to gain a better understanding of the system performance and metrics including temperature polarization, convective and conductive heat flux, and associated latent heat of evaporation.","PeriodicalId":144804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121492487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of PH on the Hydrogen and Oxygen Production Using Photovoltaic Power Generator","authors":"S. Abdallah, Essam Yousef, M. Katab, I. Abdullah","doi":"10.5383/swes.05.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5383/swes.05.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, an experimental study was conducted to In this work, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of PH on the hydrogen and oxygen production using photovoltaic power generation system. A testing rig was built, where the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen occurs when a DC current generated by a photovoltaic system is passed between two electrodes, immersed in water and separated by a non-electrical conducting material which is resistive Teflon. The results of experimentation indicate that within the range of PH from 3 to 13, the further PH levels gets from PH=7 gives better hydrogen and oxygen production. Alkaline region gave better production. In this work, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of PH on the hydrogen and oxygen production using photovoltaic power generation system. A testing rig was built, where the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen occurs when a DC current generated by a photovoltaic system is passed between two electrodes, immersed in water and separated by a non-electrical conducting material which is resistive Teflon. The results of experimentation indicate that within the range of PH from 3 to 13, the further PH levels gets from PH=7 gives better hydrogen and oxygen production. Alkaline region gave better production. investigate the effect of PH on the hydrogen and oxygen production using photovoltaic powergeneration system. A testing rig was built, where the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen occurs when a DC current generated by a photovoltaic system is passed between two electrodes, immersed in water and separated by a non-electrical conducting material which is resistive Teflon. The results of experimentation indicate that within the range of PH from 3 to 13, the further PH levels gets from PH=7 gives better hydrogen and oxygen production. Alkaline region gave better production. In this work, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of PH on the hydrogen and oxygen production using photovoltaic power generation system. A testing rig was built, where the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen occurs when aDC current generated by a photovoltaic system is passed between two electrodes, immersed in water and separated by a non-electrical conducting material which is resistiveTeflon. The results of experimentation indicate that within the range of PH from 3 to 13, the further PH levels gets from PH=7 gives better hydrogen and oxygen production. Alkaline region gave better production","PeriodicalId":144804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116821788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phosphorus-Sorption Characteristics of Calcareous Soils in Arid and Semi Arid Regions","authors":"K. Mashal, M. Al-Qinna, Jwan H. Ibbini","doi":"10.5383/swes.03.01.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5383/swes.03.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding of phosphorus (P) sorption and desorption by soils is important for water quality. The objectives of this study are to: (1) estimate P-sorption parameters of calcareous soils; and (2) determine the factors affecting P sorption and the relation between equilibrium P concentration at zero-net P sorption (EPCo) and soil parameters. In this study selected samples of calcareous soils (CaCO3 % 34-60) were collected from the Al-Hashemiya area. Phosphorus sorption isotherms covering a wide concentration range of phosphate (0-500 mg/L phosphate) were determined at room temperature by batch experiments. The results indicate that as the P concentration in solution increased, the slope of the sorption isotherm changed abruptly. The abrupt change in slope of the sorption isotherms suggests that P precipitation at the carbonate surface began to dominate the process as concentrations increased beyond that of the point of inflection. Sorption isotherm results showed that these soils best fit Freundlich isotherm. Both Pearson correlation matrix and stepwise regression models indicated that Fe-oxide and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) are the most significant effective (P<0.05) predictors on P availability and occurrence in calcareous soils, while carbonate content, soil pH, EC, and OM content were insignificant on P availability","PeriodicalId":144804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121930145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Production and Brackish Water in Concrete Mixtures","authors":"R. Taha, A. Al-Harthy, K. Al-Jabri","doi":"10.5383/swes.01.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5383/swes.01.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"The Sultanate of Oman lies in an arid region where fresh water sources are scarce. Economic and population growth spur the need for more housing, schools, roads, and many other civil works. In the construction of such projects, water is needed as a component in concrete mixing. Contractors in arid regions are sometimes faced with the problem of finding water of acceptable quality for their construction work. However, plenty of production water (oily and brackish water) is produced in the oil fields during oil production. In 2002, Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) produced an estimated 130,000 m3/day of crude oil with a corresponding 630,000 m3/day of production water, most of which are disposed of via deep well injection. This research project was initiated as a possible option for the use of production water as part of PDO’s policy on sustainable development, materials efficiency, and waste reduction. The main objective of this paper is to present the results obtained on the use of production (oily) and brackish water in concrete mixtures. Water samples were obtained from four PDO asset areas. Nine water samples, including a controlled potable (tap) water, were analysed for pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, hardness, alkalinity, and sulphates. In addition, cement pastes and mortars and plain concrete mixtures were prepared using 100% substitution of potable water. Nine mixtures were prepared and cured for up to one and a half years. Mixtures were tested for initial setting times, compressive strength and flexural strength. Research results indicate that there was a small decrease in the initial setting times for all cement paste mixtures prepared using production and brackish water in comparison with potable water. However, such values still exceeded the minimum 45 minutes initial setting requirement as set forth in ASTM C150. The use of PDO’s production and brackish water did not cause any decrease in the compressive or flexural strength measurements of cement mortars or concrete mixtures in comparison with potable water. In general, there was no strength reversal with longer curing periods. However, for most concrete mixtures the strength tends to level off after three months of curing. Most production water mixtures resulted in higher strength measurements than those prepared using potable water. Further testing is necessary to investigate corrosion potential in reinforced concrete.","PeriodicalId":144804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116632111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Physio-Chemical Characteristics of Different Compost Samples","authors":"","doi":"10.5383/ijtee.18.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.18.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the current study was to compare and analyze physiochemical characteristics of compost samples and determination of solid waste being dumped in a landfill site in Lahore, Pakistan. Different compost samples were analyzed to evaluate their physiochemical characteristics. The samples tested were collected from three different sources, i.e., Waste Buster, Kinnaird College, and Lahore Compost Private Limited, and compared with the waste sample dumped at Mahmood Booti landfill site. The analysis showed that the percentage composition of organics was highest than the other components in all the samples. The parameters that were analyzed include pH, moisture content, bulk density, salinity, carbon-nitrogen ratio, sodicity, available carbon, burned carbon, potassium, phosphorous, nitrogen, pathogens, gravel, and stones. The results were compared to the permissible limits according to The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. Most of the sample components were under the permissible limits, whereas a few others were not, such as potassium and burned carbon. The amount of potassium was found to be 0.60 mg/L, 0.61 mg/L, and 0.61 mg/L for the samples collected from Waste Buster, Kinnaird College, and Lahore Compost Private Limited , respectively. This is much less than the standards set by the EPA i.e., 620-2280 mg/L which can lead to deficiency of nutrients in the compost. Burned carbon was found to be 46%, and 41% in the samples from Waste Buster and Kinnaird College respectively, which is higher than the standard of 35%. The higher amount of burned carbon can damage the plants and is not desired. The salinity content was also found to be higher in the sample from Kinnaird College which was 8.99 dS/m compared to the standard of 4.0 dS/m. The compost sample of Lahore Compost Private Limited was found to be the best among the tested samples","PeriodicalId":144804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems","volume":"355 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124479311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Blends of HHO Gas with Gasoline and CNG","authors":"Muhammad Shahid Farooq, Ussama Ali, M. M. Farid, Tanveer Mukhtar","doi":"10.5383/ijtee.18.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.18.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"Fossil fuels are widely used all over the world to power the motor vehicles. Due to superfluous consumption of these fuels, their reservoirs are depleting continuously. The huge demand of crude oil has caused the unprecedented price rise, environmental pollution, and global warming which directly affects the living beings as well as the surroundings in which they are surviving. Alternative fuels can suffice the demand with less adverse effects on the environment through the means of different sustainable technologies. Hydroxy gas (HHO) can be effective source of energy to combat these prominent issues. This work covers the experimental analysis of different parameters related to advantages and disadvantages of using HHO as a blend with gasoline and CNG fuel mixture. The analysis is based on engine performance and emissions. The experiments were performed on engine model fueled with a mixture of fuel and HHO gas. HHO was used as a fuel supplement. A compact HHO gas kit was installed in the engine compartment. A 219cc, four stroke, single cylinder spark ignition engine was used. No modifications were required in the engine design as HHO was used as a fuel supplement. The production of HHO was accomplished by the electrolysis of double distilled water in the presence of KOH(aq.) as an electrolyte. Products of water electrolysis consisted of H2 and O2 in the ratio of 2:1 by volumetric basis. Performance enhancement in overall engine characteristics such as brake power, specific fuel consumption, and overall efficiency was observed. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide was noticed. However, due to lean air-fuel mixture and tremendous peak combustion temperature the amount of NOx was increased.","PeriodicalId":144804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130988617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Neural Networks for Enhancement of Thermal Energy Storage using Phase Change Material","authors":"Y. Abdullat, M. Hamdan, E. Abdelhafez, A. Sakhrieh","doi":"10.5383/ijtee.05.02.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.05.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"Three Artificial Neural Network models (Feedforward, Elman, and Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous (NARX) networks) were used to find the performance of a thermal energy storage system with and without a phase change material. Previously obtained experimental data was used to train the neural network. Time, mass of water, mass flow rate, number of balls containing the PCM, hourly solar radiation, ambient temperature and inlet water temperature were used in the input layer of the network. The outlet water temperature was in the output layer. The obtained results were verified against previously obtained experimental data. It was found that Artificial Neural Network technique could be used to estimate the outlet temperature with excellent accuracy with the coefficient of determination of Elman, feedforward and NARX models were found to be 0.95006, 0.99411 and 0.88185, respectively. The obtained results showed that feedforward model had the best ability to estimate the required performance, while NARX and Elman network had the lowest ability to estimate it.","PeriodicalId":144804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128017141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Condenser Designs for Greenhouse Desalination","authors":"","doi":"10.5383/swes.05.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5383/swes.05.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"Innovative condenser designs were created in this study. The plate channelled condenser and the vibrating plastic surface condenser, first condenser design consisting of a cooled plate surface upon which water vapor, carried by saturated air, condenses at its outer surface. The plates are made of plastic and are constantly cooled by coolant flowing through internal passages within the plate. The second condenser design which is the vibrating plastic surface condenser consists of a very thin plastic sheet mounted on a frame. The plastic sheet vibrates by the impingements action of pressurized water sprayed from the rear side. Experimental tests were done to investigate condensate production rate per unit area. These results were then compared to conventional vertical fin-tube bank condenser designs used by other investigators. The comparison showed that a higher rate of condensate production (an increase of 16.4%) is achieved using the plate channelled which is simpler and less expensive condenser than other designs. On the other hand, the vibrating plastic surface condenser did not meet the expected performance","PeriodicalId":144804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124687415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Present and Future Trend in the Production and Energy Consumption of Desalinated Water in GCC Countries","authors":"Hassan E. S. Fath, A.Z. Sadik, T. Mezher","doi":"10.5383/ijtee.05.02.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.05.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"Present and Future Trend in the Production and Energy Consumption of Desalinated Water in GCC Countries","PeriodicalId":144804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sustainable Water and Environmental Systems","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124148538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}