A. Díaz-Casares, M. V. López-González, M. Dawid-Milner
{"title":"Role of the Dorso- and Ventrolateral Pons in Cardiorespiratory Hypothalamic Defense Responses","authors":"A. Díaz-Casares, M. V. López-González, M. Dawid-Milner","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72625","url":null,"abstract":"Stimulation of discrete sites throughout the hypothalamus elicits autonomic and somatic responses. This chapter will stand out the cardiorespiratory changes evoked from stimulation of specific areas within the caudal hypothalamus: the perifornical area and the dorsomedial nucleus. The stimulation of these regions, known as the hypothalamic defense area (HDA), produces a pattern of visceral and somatic changes characteristic of the defense reaction, which includes tachypnea, tachycardia and a pressor response. A close review of the literature demonstrates that the changes observed during this defensive behavioral response are partially mediated by the interactions with pontine regions. These include the parabrachial complex, located in the dorsolateral pons, and the A5 region, located in the ventrolateral pons. Specific glutamatergic stimulation of cell bodies located within the parabrachial complex and A5 region evokes cardiorespira- tory responses similar to those observed during stimulation of the HDA. This functional interaction suggests a possible role of glutamate pontine receptors in the modulation of the HDA response. This chapter describes the most important evidences confirming the implication of the dorso- and ventrolateral pons in the control of cardiorespiratory auto- nomic responses evoked from the perifornical and dorsomedial hypothalamus and the role of glutamate in this interaction.","PeriodicalId":138613,"journal":{"name":"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127518644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus","authors":"M. Pop, C. Crivii, I. Opincariu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80728","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organ - ism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modu lates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise ana - tomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.","PeriodicalId":138613,"journal":{"name":"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128654571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Kanasaki, A. Oride, Tuvshintugs Tumurbaatar, SatoruKyo
{"title":"Studies on the Character of Hypothalamic GnRH Neurons and Kisspeptin Neurons Using Hypothalamic Cell Models","authors":"H. Kanasaki, A. Oride, Tuvshintugs Tumurbaatar, SatoruKyo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73128","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis controls the hormonal network responsible for reproductive functions. In the past, hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons have been positioned at the highest level in the HPG axis. After the discovery of the indispensable roles of hypothalamic kisspeptin in GnRH neurons, our understandingoftheneuroendocrineregulationoftheHPGaxiswasreconfirmed,anditis now recognized that hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons are positioned at the summit of the HPG axis. Accumulating evidence shows that kisspeptin neurons are responsible for the onset of puberty and sex steroid feedback mechanisms by modulating the activity of GnRH neurons.Furthermore,theidentificationofkisspeptininthehypophysealportalcirculation suggests that this peptide has some direct roles in the pituitary gland. The detailed mechanisms underlying the regulation of GnRH by kisspeptin and the regulatory control of kisspeptin neurons are still largely unknown because of the limitations of the experimental models. The establishment of GnRH-expressing and kisspeptin-expressing cell models has enabled us to examine the character of these neuronal cells. In this chapter, we describe our in vivo studies examining the character of GnRH neurons and kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamus using hypothalamic GnRHand/or kisspeptin-expressing cell models.","PeriodicalId":138613,"journal":{"name":"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125633963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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