Aquifers - Matrix and Fluids最新文献

{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Aquifers Today and Tomorrow","authors":"Muhammad Salik Javaid, S. Khan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75800","url":null,"abstract":"As defined in many scientific texts “An aquifer is an underground layer of water bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated material from which groundwater can be extracted using water well” [1]. Related terms used are aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer, and aquiclude, which is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer, making an aquifer confined or unconfined. Aquifer system is a series of two or more aquifers hydraulically connected with each other. If an aquifer or an aquifer system spans more than one state, it is called transboundary aquifer [2]. An aquifer is therefore the combination of both; an underground rock structure, and water mass existing in the pores and voids. Aquifers contain by far the largest volume of unfrozen fresh water on earth thus making it an enormously important natural resource, entrusted to us by the Mother Nature for equitable use and safe custody for the next generations to come. Because of the fact that aquifer is hidden to the eye, therefore till today they are poorly known and understood by the common masses and decision makers alike.","PeriodicalId":129535,"journal":{"name":"Aquifers - Matrix and Fluids","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116940647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrochemical Investigation and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in the BouHafna-Haffouz Unconfined Aquifers, Central Tunisia","authors":"Hatem El Mejri, A. Moussa, S. H. Salem, KamelZouari","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72173","url":null,"abstract":"Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to improve the understanding of the aquifers hydrodynamic and to identify the natural and anthropogenic processes that control the BouHafna and Haffouz groundwater quality. Some other parameters, such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (%Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and permeability index (PI), were used to examine the suitability of groundwa - ter for irrigation applications. Groundwater samples are classified into Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Ca-Mg-SO 4 water-type. The statistical investigation permits to identify three dif - ferent groups. The first group reflects the influence of water-rock interaction in relation with the dissolution of evaporatic minerals, the cation exchange process with phyllo - silicates and the dedolomitization. The second and third groups, including the weakly mineralized groundwater samples, suggest, firstly, that the return flow of irrigation waters has a small, but not negligible contribution to the groundwater contamination, and secondly, the reduction of nitrate (NO 3 ) to nitrogen gas (N 2 ). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the majority of the groundwater samples are suitable for irriga tion uses. mineralization. This investigation reveals the predominance of Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Ca-Mg-SO 4 water-types. These water facies are derived mainly from water-rock interaction processes, i.e., the dissolution of halite, gypsum, the dedolomitization, and the cation exchange. On the other hand, return flow of irrigation water has resulted in elevated nitrate concentrations in groundwater especially in the agricultural zones, which are characterized by an exces sive use of fertilizer. Thus, it is important to protect the aquifers against overexploitation and groundwater quality deterioration related to the evaporate dissolution and agricultural contamination. For these reasons, in the BouHafna and Haffouz regions where groundwater resources are under the great development stress and environmental pressure, some pre ventive measures should be taken. These are (1) control the exploitation groundwater; (2) the definition of special groundwater resources protection zones; (3) control the potential processes and sources of salinization; and (4) improvement of diffuse source groundwater pollution.","PeriodicalId":129535,"journal":{"name":"Aquifers - Matrix and Fluids","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115351686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Discharge-Storage Relationship and the Long-Term Storage Changes of Southern Taiwan","authors":"Hsin‐Fu Yeh","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73163","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the water balance concept is used to understand the relationship between discharge and storage in a basin. Three low flow analysis models developed by Brutsaert, Vogel and Kroll, and Kirchner are used to select recession curves that are parameterized using lower envelope, linear regression, and binning methods to characterize basin hydrological behavior. Furthermore, the lowest annual groundwater storage, which is analyzed according to trend, slope, and a change point test, is used to assess the long-term storage properties of southern Taiwan and is also quantified. The water balance concept is used to assess the impact of discharge on groundwater storage that is affected by the different low flow analysis models. This can lead to a more clear understanding of the relationship between groundwater storage and discharge. After statistical tests of trend, it was determined that Chaozhou Station, which has a significant decreasing trend of the lowest groundwater storage, should implement precautionary measures such as an underground reservoir, an artificial recharge, and a collection gallery in the Donggang River Basin. The method is based on the water balance concept and low flow analysis, where precipitation and evapotranspiration in the natural river system are causing the base flow to be directly controlled by groundwater storage. Therefore, the observed streamflow can be used to assess the discharge-storage relationship and quantify the catchment groundwater storage. The results from this study show that the methods are valid for evaluating the discharge-storage relationship and long-term groundwater storage trends. concept method indicated different low flow analysis models will affect the of and groundwater The Kirchner is the under consideration.","PeriodicalId":129535,"journal":{"name":"Aquifers - Matrix and Fluids","volume":"511 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133559078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recharge and Turnover of Groundwater in Coastal Aquifers with Emphasis on Hydrochemistry and Isotopes","authors":"G. Jacks, S. Thambi","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73301","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal aquifers are globally subject to considerable stress. The population density is often high in coastal areas, and in addition, the coastal plains often have good agricul-tural soils demanding irrigation. While a portion of the irrigation can be provided by rivers, local groundwater is also used adding to the water requirement. Many coastal aquifers are large with a slow turnover of the groundwater and recharge is difficult to assess. This review is aimed at giving an overview of the hydrochemistry with an emphasis of giving insight into the groundwater recharge and the sustainability of the groundwater quality. The past climate history has given an imprint of hydrochemistry of especially coastal aquifers.","PeriodicalId":129535,"journal":{"name":"Aquifers - Matrix and Fluids","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121853137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogeology and Groundwater Geochemistry of the Clastic Aquifer and Its Assessment for Irrigation, Southwest Kuwait","authors":"F. Al-Ruwaih","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71577","url":null,"abstract":"Al-Atraf field, is located southwest of Kuwait City, the groundwater is produced from the Kuwait Group aquifer. The objectives are to identify aquifer type and its characteristics. The major geochemical processes operating in the aquifer have to be revealed. In addition, to evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability of drinking and agriculture usage, an investigation was carried out by estimating physiochemical parame- ters like pH, EC, TDS, TH, Na + , K + Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl (cid:1) , HCO 3 (cid:1) , SO 42 (cid:1) , total alkalinity, and SiO 2 . Irrigation parameters like SAR, %Na, RSC, potential salinity, magnesium ratio, Kelly ’ s ratio, permeability index, and chloro-alkaline index have been determined. The aquifer is confined and occupied by brackish groundwater mainly of NaCl type. Gibb ’ s plot suggests that the chemical weathering of rock primarily controls the chemistry of the study area. WATEVAL program revealed that the main geochemical processes are silicate weathering, dissolution, precipitation, and reverse ion exchange. WATEQ4F indicates that the groundwater is oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite and undersaturated with respect to gypsum and anhydrite. The high total hardness and TDS identify the unsuitability of groundwater for drinking, while irrigation param- eters indicate that this water cannot be used on soil without special management for salinity control and salt tolerance plants.","PeriodicalId":129535,"journal":{"name":"Aquifers - Matrix and Fluids","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133458957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Hydrofracking on Aquifers","authors":"A. Faruque, Josh Goldowitz","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72327","url":null,"abstract":"Geologists have understood the presence of shale gas and shale oil since the early twen- tieth century but always considered it unattainable due to shale’s low permeability. The shale gas revolution in the USA, brought about by the combination of horizontal drill - ing and hydraulic fracturing, has proven the feasibility of economically accessing this resource and significantly increasing the world’s proven reserve. As we enter the era of application of this technology worldwide, countries will have to weigh the promise of increased energy independence and hydrocarbon revenue against the potential damage to water supplies. Hydrofracking’s voracious thirst for water and potential to pollute will impact surface water bodies and aquifers. We review the basic technique, and poten - tially contaminating fracking fluid additives. We examine the potential damage to water quality and the potential effect on water availability in China, Mexico, South Africa, and Algeria.","PeriodicalId":129535,"journal":{"name":"Aquifers - Matrix and Fluids","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127945245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}