{"title":"Hydrodynamic Characterization of Physicochemical Process in Stirred Tanks and Agglomeration Reactors","authors":"Benjamin Oyegbile, G. Akdogan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77014","url":null,"abstract":"A short review of the state of the art in experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) characterization of micro-hydrodynamics and physicochemical processes in stirred tanks and agglomeration reactors is presented. Results of experimental and computa- tional studies focusing on classical mixing tanks as well as other innovative reactors with various industrial applications are briefly reviewed. The hydrodynamic characterization techniques as well as the influence of the fluid dynamics on the efficiency of the physico chemical processes have been highlighted including some of the limitations of the reported modeling approach and solution strategy. Finally, the need for specialized CFD codes tai lored to the specific needs of fluid-particle reactor design and optimization is advocated to advance research in this field.","PeriodicalId":123524,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121610608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pálovics, S. Zsolt, Szolnoki Beáta, Bosits Miklós, Fogassy Elemér
{"title":"Separation of Chiral Compounds: Enantiomeric and Diastereomeric Mixtures","authors":"E. Pálovics, S. Zsolt, Szolnoki Beáta, Bosits Miklós, Fogassy Elemér","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76478","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the dramatic development of enantioselective synthesis and chromatographic separation methods, optical resolution still remains the cheapest and operationally sim-plest method for producing pure enantiomers on a larger scale. No extreme conditions or expensive reagents are required, and the eventually expensive resolving agents can be recovered. This chapter is based mainly on the authors’ long experience in the resolution of industrially important molecules, and it presents new observations and establishments as well. Several methods for separation of chiral mixtures, enantiomeric and diastereo- meric mixtures, are shown, and possibilities for predicting the efficiency of resolution based on the analysis of physico-chemical properties of the reactants are also described.","PeriodicalId":123524,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114302307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achsah Rajendran Startha Christabel, Danish John Paul Mark Reji, A. Ramalingam
{"title":"Evaluation of Solution Thermodynamic Properties of Mixed Ionic Liquids at Different Temperatures (293.15–343.15) K","authors":"Achsah Rajendran Startha Christabel, Danish John Paul Mark Reji, A. Ramalingam","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77016","url":null,"abstract":"The solution thermodynamic properties of mixed ionic liquids such as density, excess molar volume, partial molar volume and apparent molar volume are highly influential on the design of an effective separation unit and in the optimization of operating parameters like pressure, temperature and concentration for the separation processes. Therefore, it could be better to do a prior experimental study on of the solution thermodynamic properties of mixed ionic liquids at different temperatures for the whole mole fractions rather than doing separation characterization studies like selectivity, efficiency, distribution coefficient and performance index. In addition, the recovery and regeneration of ionic liquids also challenge researchers and separation scientists in several fields of applications. Therefore, in this chapter, density of pure 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide {[BIMIM][NtF2]}, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate {[EMIM][ESO4]}, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate {[EMIM][HSO4]} and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate {[BMIM][OAc]} and its binary mixtures have been measured at T (293.15–343.15) K. From the measured densities, isobaric expansivity, excess molar volume, partial molar volume, excess partial molar volume, and apparent molar volume have been calculated. Results were discussed in terms of physical interaction, chemical interaction and structural orientation at molecular level and their temperature and composition dependency.","PeriodicalId":123524,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122456221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experiential Learning via Open-Ended Laboratory Initiatives","authors":"N. Basir, Z. Ahmad, Syamsul Rizal Abdul Shukor","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77015","url":null,"abstract":"Conceptual mapping of existing knowledge on previous subject learned with the new knowledge can be accentuated using experiential learning methodologies. Open-ended laboratory (OEL) initiative exemplifies the intended outcome of experiential learning cycle where the learners encounter new experiences via laboratory experiments, reflecting the observation made interconnecting the inconsistencies between experience and understanding. This provides a solid basis for the learners to create or modify existing abstract concept of the experiments undertaken. These experiences will be put into context where the learners actively and adaptively experimenting and integrating previous knowledge with the new knowledge and put into practice by developing appropriate experimental procedures in order to achieve the set objectives given for a particular problem statement. This chapter illustrates the concept of open-ended laboratory (problem based), describing the transition of traditional laboratory (TL) to problem-based learning experience via experiential learning methodologies. The methodologies in developing the OEL in a chemical engineering laboratory course and their implementation in a process control laboratory setup were also outlined. The transition of traditional to problembased findings and course outcomes attainments were investigated and measured using appropriate tools. The challenges and difficulties in implementing OEL were described and analyzed with data obtained from the experiences of conducting OEL in the School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":123524,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115131576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Utilizing a Differentiation Framework, Piagetian Theories and Bloom’s Taxonomy to Foster Experiential Learning Activities in Chemical Engineering","authors":"Brenda Hutton-Prager","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75646","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will explore the development of laboratory experiments and analysis for undergraduate chemical engineering students, by utilizing a differentiation frame work specifically adapted for university-level education. The differentiation frame - work explores the relationship between Piagetian and post-Piagetian thinking skills with differentiated learning skills , demonstrating links with Bloom’s taxonomy and experiential learning theories. Experimental activities developed within such a frame - work will allow all students to participate fully in the learning experience intended, as they will be given opportunities to reflect on the learning, and put this new learning into action, within their current thinking operational level. This chapter provides an in-depth look into the educational framework proposed, and then shows examples of how it is used in the development of experimental activities. Educators following this advice will greatly enhance the educational outcomes of the experimental activities conducted.","PeriodicalId":123524,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125699669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pálovics, S. Zsolt, Szolnoki Beáta, Bosits Miklós, Fogassy Elemér
{"title":"New Opportunities to Improve the Enantiomeric and Diastereomeric Separations","authors":"E. Pálovics, S. Zsolt, Szolnoki Beáta, Bosits Miklós, Fogassy Elemér","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78220","url":null,"abstract":"The preparation of single enantiomers (ee ~100%) is one of the most important demands both for industrial practice and research. Actually, the resolution of the racemic compounds still remains the most common method for producing pure enantiomers on a large scale. To obtain the pure enantiomers, it is necessary to find the appropriate condi tions and resolving agents. During the separation of diastereomeric mixtures, similar trends can be observed as in course of the distribution of enantiomeric mixtures between phases, because just the presence of one-third chiral compound (namely the resolving agent) is the difference. This chapter presents new observations and establishments about the new opportunities to optimize the separation of chiral mixtures, especially the dia- stereomeric mixtures.","PeriodicalId":123524,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131994750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kinetics of Growth of Iron Boride Layers on a Low-Carbon Steel Surface","authors":"E. Hernandez-Sanchez, J. C. Velázquez","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73592","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the boriding process and the parameters that govern it. It also describes the features of the obtained layers and the main applications of materials treated with this hardening process. The kinetics of growth of the Fe2B face is described using a mathematical model, in which the evolution of the growth of the boride layers is assumed to be controlled by the boron diffusion by means of a dimensional analysis of Fick’s second law. The evolution of the growth of the Fe2B face on a low-carbon steel surface is illustrated by contour diagrams that involve the main variables of the process (time and exposure temperature). This type of diagrams allows the optimization of the process as a function of the treatment parameters.","PeriodicalId":123524,"journal":{"name":"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115662009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}