World Bank: Social Development (Topic)最新文献

Competitiveness Partnerships: Building and Maintaining Public-Private Dialogue to Improve the Investment Climate - a Resource Drawn from the Review of 40 Countries' Experiences 竞争力伙伴关系:建立和保持公私对话以改善投资环境——来自对40个国家经验的回顾

World Bank: Social Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2005-08-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3683

B. Herzberg, Andrew Wright

{"title":"Competitiveness Partnerships: Building and Maintaining Public-Private Dialogue to Improve the Investment Climate - a Resource Drawn from the Review of 40 Countries' Experiences","authors":"B. Herzberg, Andrew Wright","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-3683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3683","url":null,"abstract":"The authors examine competitiveness partnerships, which consist of structured dialogue between the public and private sector to improve the investment climate. The paper is designed to be used as a resource by donors, governments, or businesspeople who are interested in establishing, maintaining, or improving a competitiveness partnership in their country or region. The political and economic context of a country determines the kind of partnership that is feasible and likely to succeed, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach. But it is possible to distill some ideas and techniques from best practice as many public-private dialogue mechanisms face similar challenges. Drawing on the experiences of 40 countries, the authors make a positive case for building and maintaining competitiveness partnerships, and offer a selection of valuable insights into how practitioners can design them so as to avoid common pitfalls. They demonstrate that reforms that are designed through public-private dialogue are better conceived and more effectively implemented because they arise from increased mutual understanding between government and the businesscommunity. The paper has three parts. Part One outlines what competitiveness partnerships can achieve. Part Two describes how competitiveness partnerships function, presenting issues to consider when designing such partnerships and a range of ways in which they may be approached. Part Three identifies challenges that competitiveness partnerships have frequently faced and strategies that have been used to overcome them.","PeriodicalId":118985,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Social Development (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134603450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 31

Gender Equality and Economic Development: The Role for Information and Communication Technologies 性别平等与经济发展:信息和通信技术的作用

World Bank: Social Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2004-04-21 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3285

Derek H.C. Chen

引用次数: 71

The Gender Impact of Pension Reform: A Cross-Country Analysis 养老金改革的性别影响:一个跨国分析

World Bank: Social Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2003-05-30 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3074

E. James, A. C. Edwards, R. Wong

{"title":"The Gender Impact of Pension Reform: A Cross-Country Analysis","authors":"E. James, A. C. Edwards, R. Wong","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-3074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3074","url":null,"abstract":"Pension systems may have a different impact on gender because women are less likely than men to work in formal labor markets and earn lower wages when they do. Recent multipillar pension reforms tighten the link between payroll contributions and benefits, leading critics to argue that they will hurt women. In contrast, supporters of these reforms argue that it will help women by the removal of distortions that favored men and the better targeted redistributions in the new systems. To test these conflicting claims and to analyze more generally the gender effect of alternative pension systems, the authors examine the differential impact of the new and old systems in three Latin American countries-Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. Based on household survey data, they simulate the wage and employment histories of representative men and women, the pensions they are likely to generate under the new and old rules, and the relative gains or losses of men and women because of the reform. The authors find that women do accumulate private annuities that are only 30-40 percent those of men in the new systems. But this effect is mitigated by sharp targeting of the new public pillars toward low earners, many of whom are women, and by restrictions on payouts from the private pillars, particularly joint annuity requirements. As a result of these transfers, total lifetime retirement benefits for women reach 60-80 percent those of men, and for\"full career\"women they equal or exceed benefits of men. Also as a result, women are the biggest gainers from the pension reform. For women who receive these transfers, female/male ratios of lifetime benefits in the new systems exceed those in the old systems in all three countries. Private intra-household transfers from husband to wife in the form of joint annuities play the largest role.","PeriodicalId":118985,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Social Development (Topic)","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121987727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 32

Assessing the Distributional Impact of Public Policy 评估公共政策的分配影响

World Bank: Social Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2883

B. Essama-Nssah

{"title":"Assessing the Distributional Impact of Public Policy","authors":"B. Essama-Nssah","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-2883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2883","url":null,"abstract":"Economic development necessarily changes the welfare of socioeconomic groups to various degrees, depending on differences in their social arrangements. The challenge for policymakers is to select the changes that will be most socially desirable. The author demonstrates the usefulness of distributional analysis for social evaluation and, more specifically, for welfare evaluation, using data from the 1994 Integrated Household Survey in Guinea. Because the international community has declared poverty eradication a fundamental objective of development, the author uses a poverty-focused approach to social evaluation based on the maximum principle. This principle offers a unifying framework for analyzing the socioeconomic impact of public policy by using a wide variety of evaluation functions, inequality indicators (like the extended Gini coefficient), and poverty indices (such as Sen's index and the members of the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke family). The author also examines, within the context of commodity taxation, how to identify socially desirable policy options using both the dominance criterion and abbreviated social welfare functions. He includes computer routines for calculating various welfare indices and for plotting the relevant concentration curves.","PeriodicalId":118985,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Social Development (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131881489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

New Systems for Old Age Security: Theory, Practice, and Empirical Evidence 老年保障新体系:理论、实践和经验证据

World Bank: Social Development (Topic) Pub Date : 1997-05-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-1766

E. James

{"title":"New Systems for Old Age Security: Theory, Practice, and Empirical Evidence","authors":"E. James","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-1766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1766","url":null,"abstract":"The author summarizes the major findings and recommendations in Averting the Old Age Crisis, describing problems in traditional pension systems and proposals for reform. Then she describes how those reforms are being implemented in many countries and examines empirical evidence about pension reform's impact on growth. Since the publication of Averting the Old Age Crisis, the move toward multipillar systems has accelerated around the world, spurred by demographic and economic forces. In addition, research has been carried out on some of the critical assumptions underlying the recommendations in the report. Researcher have begun to quantify the effects of a full or partial shift to a funded defined-contribution plan on the supply and allocation of labor, on national saving, and on the development of financial markets. Results from the studies that have been done so far on the (anticipated and actual) effects of pension reform (in Argentina, Australia, Mexico, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and especially Chile) suggest that pension reform can have and has had a positive, possibly large, impact on national saving and the development of financial markets and hence on economic growth.","PeriodicalId":118985,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Social Development (Topic)","volume":"352 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122841487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 38

Financing of Government Liabilities as the Population Ages in New Zealand 新西兰人口老龄化过程中政府负债的融资

World Bank: Social Development (Topic) Pub Date : 1997-02-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-1703

H. Poláčková

{"title":"Financing of Government Liabilities as the Population Ages in New Zealand","authors":"H. Poláčková","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-1703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1703","url":null,"abstract":"As New Zealnd's population ages, the government must look to health care and pension policies to curb the government's rising liabilities. In New Zealand in the next 50 years, an aging population is expected to elevate government liabilities and weaken the government's fiscal position. To maintain fiscal balance, the government must either substantially pre-fund future increases in its liabilities or significantly raise taxes in the 2030s-40s, following few small possible tax cuts in the next 10 to 15 years. Expected fiscal problems are related to the increasing costliness of publicly providing for health care and retirement. Moreover, the aging population's negative effects on the fiscal balance could be exacerbated by any slackening in economic performance or in fiscal prudence. Long-term fiscal projections for the country, and literature on the problem, indicate that the most effective way to contain the expected rise in government liabilities is to reform health care and pension policies. This paper - aproduct of the Country Operations Division, Country Department II, Europe and Central Asia - is part of a larger effort in the department to advise countries on reforming the role of state, drawing on best practice worldwide.","PeriodicalId":118985,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Social Development (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129163031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1