{"title":"Role of Proteomics in the Study of Trypanosoma cruzi Biology","authors":"J. Francisco, B. Gutiérrez, Jorge González","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.85323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85323","url":null,"abstract":"Proteomics is the science that studies the proteome, which corresponds to the global expression of proteins at a given time under determined conditions. In the last 20 years, proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool that has allowed the study of proteins that are expressed in the cell under normal or altered conditions as well as post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, glycosidation, acetylation, and methylation, among others. In this chapter, we present the main contributions of proteomics to the knowledge of Trypanosoma cruzi biology . Proteomes of all T. cruzi life cycle stages, secretomes/exoproteomes, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation or acetylation and immunomes, interactomes, and glycomes are described. The role of proteomics in the identification of new chemotherapeutic targets and potential vaccine candidates will also be discussed. to the intracellular superoxide and in and them. These observations indicate that protein expression focused on increased motility and control of macrophage-derived free radicals may represent a survival and persistence strategy developed by TcI isolates T. cruzi trypsin and Lys C. The peptides are subjected to a cleaning phase, and the peptides can be labeled using techniques such as ICAT, ITRAQ , and SILAC or not be labeled, using label-free quantification (LFQ ). Finally, the samples are subjected to a ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) associated to mass spectrometry (MS). The information obtained is submitted to bioinformatics analysis using software such as MaxQuant (or others), for quantitative proteomics analysis, and then by Andromeda to obtain the sequence of the peptides in the different databases and Perseus (or others) to obtain classifications, proteomics interactions, post-transductional modifications, and metabolic pathways.","PeriodicalId":118652,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116993330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Vega, Camilo Juyumaya, Luis Rodríguez, Juan Güiza, Camila Gutíerrez, I. Barría, J. Sáez
{"title":"Possible Role of Gap Junction Channels and Non-Junctional Channels in the Infection Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi","authors":"J. Vega, Camilo Juyumaya, Luis Rodríguez, Juan Güiza, Camila Gutíerrez, I. Barría, J. Sáez","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.84278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84278","url":null,"abstract":"Chagas disease affects low-income nations with health consequences that impact the economy of those countries. Interestingly, inhibitors of channels formed by proteins of the gap junction family, such as suramin and boldine, exhibit trypanocidal activity. Gap junction proteins are integral membrane proteins present in both vertebrates and invertebrates that participate in cellular communication. These proteins form gap junction channels, which connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells or non-junctional channels that connect the intra- and extracellular milieu. Interestingly, Trypanosoma cruzi modulates the expression of proteins of the gap junction family or modify the activity of the channels formed by these proteins in host cells. Moreover, Lucifer yellow microinjected into fibroblast was incorporated into associated trypano-somes of Trypanosoma musculi , suggesting the possibility of direct communication via gap junction channels between them. In this chapter, we summarized the current knowledge about the possible roles of gap junction family proteins in Chagas disease. about the role of gap junction family proteins in Chagas disease.","PeriodicalId":118652,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130284132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi","authors":"W. Souza","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88571","url":null,"abstract":"lysis of the division of amastigotes in the cytoplasm of the host cell, and transformation of amastigotes into trypomastigotes that are into the intercellular space.","PeriodicalId":118652,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116299122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Berná, S. Pita, M. L. Chiribao, A. Parodi-Talice, F. Alvarez-Valin, C. Robello
{"title":"Biology of the Trypanosoma cruzi Genome","authors":"L. Berná, S. Pita, M. L. Chiribao, A. Parodi-Talice, F. Alvarez-Valin, C. Robello","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86144","url":null,"abstract":"The genome of Trypanosoma cruzi was first made available in 2005, and the intrinsic genome complexity of this parasite has hindered high-quality genome assembly and annotation. Recent technological developments in long read sequencing allowed to circumvent this problem, showing very interesting features in the genome architecture of T. cruzi , allowing to accurately estimate gene copy numbers, abundance and distribution of repetitive sequences (including satellites and retroele-ments), and the complexity of multigene families implied in host-parasite interac-tions. The genome of T. cruzi is composed of a “core compartment” and a “disruptive compartment” which exhibit opposite GC content and gene composition, with high differences on their regulatory regions. The novel tandem and dispersed repetitive sequences identified, in addition to recombination events, allows to conclude that genome plasticity is a key survival strategy during its complex life cycle.","PeriodicalId":118652,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116033122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Moreno, J. Oliveira, Joice Castelo Branco, L. Araújo, Aline Maria Vasconcelos Queiroz, S. T. Donato, Nilton José da Silva Júnior, Emilly Thays da Silva Rodrigues, M. S. Silva
{"title":"Cell Culture and Maintenance of the Evolutionary Forms of Trypanosoma cruzi for Studies of Parasitic Biology","authors":"C. Moreno, J. Oliveira, Joice Castelo Branco, L. Araújo, Aline Maria Vasconcelos Queiroz, S. T. Donato, Nilton José da Silva Júnior, Emilly Thays da Silva Rodrigues, M. S. Silva","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84733","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to present and discuss the main cell culture techniques used for the growth and maintenance of the different evolutionary forms of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi , the etiologic agent of the Chagas disease. Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease endemic in several Latin American countries. Here, we intend to present the main difficulties, advantages, and disadvantages of using Trypanosoma cruzi cell culture in parasitic biology. Finally, we present the main research opportunities in the context of Trypanosoma cruzi parasitic biology using cell culture techniques, such as drug development, characterization of pharmaco-logical targets, molecular markers for diagnosis, structural biology, and many other biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":118652,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123766085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Amazonian Reservoir Hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi","authors":"Jocelyn Ginette Pérez Lazo, P. Mayor, A. Lescano","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86158","url":null,"abstract":"The epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi in the wild is a particular and highly dynamic scenario that needs attention due to the increased alteration of the environment caused by different factors including anthropogenic change. This chapter is an updated summary about the known reservoir hosts of T. cruzi identified in the countries that share the Amazon rainforest. This information will provide a better understanding of the ecology of T. cruzi in sylvatic environments. This chapter will also contribute to address the potential risks of T. cruzi infection in Amazonian communities who are in contact with wild animals through hunting and wild meat consumption.","PeriodicalId":118652,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130609774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Vannier-Santos, G. V. Brunoro, M. N. Soeiro, S. deCastro, R. Menna-Barreto
{"title":"Parasite, Compartments, and Molecules: Trick versus Treatment on Chagas Disease","authors":"M. Vannier-Santos, G. V. Brunoro, M. N. Soeiro, S. deCastro, R. Menna-Barreto","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84472","url":null,"abstract":"Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi , is endemic to Latin America, standing out as a socio-economic problem for low-income tropical populations. Such disease affects millions of people worldwide and emerges in nonendemic areas due to migration and climate changes. The current chemotherapy is restricted to two nitroderivatives (benznidazole and nifurtimox), which is unsat-isfactory due to limited efficacy (particularly in chronic phase) and adverse side effects. T. cruzi life cycle is complex, including invertebrate and vertebrate hosts and three developmental forms (epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes). In this chapter, we will discuss promising cellular and molecular targets present in the vertebrate-dwelling forms of the parasite (trypomastigotes and amastigotes). Among the cellular targets, the mitochondrion is the most frequently studied; while among the molecular ones, we highlight squalene synthase, C14 α -sterol demethylase, and cysteine proteases. In this scenario, proteomics becomes a valuable tool for the identification of other molecular targets, and some previously identified candidates will be also discussed. Multidisciplinary studies are needed to identify novel key molecules in T. cruzi in order to increase trypanocidal activity and reduce mammalian toxicity, ensuring the development of novel drugs for Chagas disease.","PeriodicalId":118652,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125280970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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