The Open Environmental Journal最新文献

{"title":"Methodological Aspects of Epidemiological Studies on the Use of Mobile Phones and their Association with Brain Tumors","authors":"L. Hardell, M. Carlberg, K. H. Mild","doi":"10.2174/1874233500802010054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874233500802010054","url":null,"abstract":"Our case-control studies were the first to report an association between the use of mobile or cordless phones and brain tumors; glioma and acoustic neuroma. Criticism of these results has been based partly on results from the Inter- phone studies conducted under the auspice of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Here, we com- pare study design and epidemiological methods used in our studies and the Interphone studies. We conclude that while our results appear sound and reliable, several of the Interphone findings display differential misclassification of exposure due to observational and recall bias, for example, following low participation rates in both cases and controls and bed-side computer guided interviews of cases rather than blinded interviews of cases and controls. However, as we have presented elsewhere, there seems to be a consistent pattern of an association between mobile phone use and ipsilateral glioma and acoustic neuroma using > 10 years latency period.","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132932379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Policy, Public Opinion and Global Climate Change in Southern Europe: The Case of Andalusia","authors":"Eduardo Moyano, A. Paniagua, Regina Lafuente","doi":"10.2174/1874233500802010062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874233500802010062","url":null,"abstract":"Absract: This paper analyses the multiple relations existing between public opinion, public policies and global climate change from the perspective of environmental sociology. The framework for this research is the problem of environmental scale in the mitigation and adaptation of environmental problems. The case study was conducted in Andalusia, Spain; a southern European region where the impact of climate change is taking on increasing relevance due to the far-reaching effects that variations in precipitation, temperature change and desertification have had and will have on the area. Environmental policy and politics in relation to global climate change are analysed, as well as citizens’ attitudes and the main politics of adaptation on a regional scale. The contribution of this paper is that in these southern areas of Europe, citizens give priority to local and regional policies only in reference to the problems of ‘their’ climate change like soil erosion, precipitation changes or forest fires, but not in terms of global issues which are more difficult for people to identify such as the destruction of the ozone layer, polar icemelt, deforestation or the emission of greenhouse gases, amongst others.","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116853854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban Growth and Sustainable Development in Shenzhen City 1980-2006","authors":"Jianfa Shen","doi":"10.2174/1874233500802010071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874233500802010071","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the rapid urban growth in the city of Shenzhen with particular focus on urban economic growth, population growth, agriculture and environmental changes. With the rapid expansion of population and the built- up area, there is increasing demand for the provision of urban infrastructure. The volume of environmental pollution is also increasing. The problems of environmental pollution and the negative impact on agriculture have also been examined in the paper. Shenzhen's agriculture has undergone a transition from general agriculture to the rise and eventually decline of suburban agriculture. Shenzhen's case indicates that it is possible to move towards balanced development in social, economic and environmental dimensions even for new large cities like Shenzhen.","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124863211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Changing Background Emissions on External Cost Estimates for Secondary Particulates","authors":"Luc Int Panis","doi":"10.2174/1874233500802010047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874233500802010047","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the importance of background concentrations of NH3, SO2 and NOx for the estimation of environmental external costs of secondary particulates. A modified version of the ECOSENSE software was developed within the ongoing series of European ExternE projects, devoted to the assessment of energy related environmental exter- nal costs. Using the Windrose Trajectory Model the yearly average concentrations of pollutants at ground level was calcu- lated based on average meteo data and a simple scheme of atmospheric reactions. After this, epidemiological exposure- response functions are applied to determine the impact on the receptors. Finally, the calculated physical impacts are monetized on the basis of selected economic evaluations. The fact that estimates of external costs of incremental emis- sions of NOx and SO2 will increase when background emissions decrease is the most important new result. The choice of relevant background emissions is therefore essential to obtain meaningful estimates of external costs.","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127559623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Hourly Global Solar Radiation for Composite Climate","authors":"M. J. Ahmad, G. Tiwari","doi":"10.2174/1874233500802010034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874233500802010034","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, an attempt has been made to estimate hourly global solar radiation for the composite climate of New Delhi (latitude: 28.58 0 N, longitude: 77.20 0 E, elevation: 216 m above mean sea level) using regression analysis based on the model proposed by Al-Sadah et al. (1990). More than 39000 data of hourly solar radiation on a hori- zontal surface measured at New Delhi were compared with hourly data calculated by various calculation models. Com- parison between estimated and measured values shows that the constants derived for New Delhi provide good estimates of the hourly global radiation except for the morning and evening hours. The present results are comparable with the Liu and Jordan (1960) and Collares-Pereira and Rabl (1979) models which also correlate hourly values and daily totals of the global radiation.","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131273266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Greenhouse Dryer","authors":"P. Barnwal, G. Tiwari","doi":"10.2174/1874233500802010039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874233500802010039","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, life cycle cost analysis of a self sustained hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) greenhouse dryer has been carried out. The hybrid PV/T integrated greenhouse (roof type even span) dryer, designed and constructed at So- lar Energy Park, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi (28 0 35 N, 77 0 12 E, 216 m above MSL), India, has been used to dry Thompson seedless grapes under forced mode of operation. The annualized cost method has been used to determine the pay back period of the hybrid PV/T greenhouse dryer. The payback period is about 1.24 to 4.63 years which is lower than the expected life of the dryer i.e. about 30 years. The effect of various parameters such as interest rate, present worth, annual cash flow etc. has also been worked out.","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122092677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating Spatial Distributions, Variability and Uncertainty of Soil Arsenic by Geostatistical Simulations in Geographic Information Systems","authors":"Yu-Pin Lin","doi":"10.2174/1874233500802010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874233500802010026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"126 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126282796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Carbon Credit Earned by Hybrid PV/T Solar Water Heater for Delhi Climatic Conditions","authors":"S. Dubey, G. Tiwari","doi":"10.2174/1876325100802010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876325100802010015","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, a study has been carried out to evaluate the life cycle cost analysis and carbon credit earned by hybrid PV/T solar water heater. The study has been based on thermal, electrical and exergy output of water heater. The solar water heater is installed at Solar Energy Park, IIT Delhi. The annual energy and exergy gain have been evaluated by considering four types of weather conditions (A, B, C and D Type) of New Delhi and considering a case that the hot water is withdrawal two times in the afternoon and two times in the evening in a day. This paper gives the total carbon credit earned by hybrid PV/T water heater as per norms of Kyoto Protocol for Delhi climatic conditions. We have found that (i) the cost/kWh is higher in case of exergy when compared with cost/kWh on the basis of thermal energy (ii) if this type of system is installed at 10% of the total residential houses in Delhi then the total carbon credit earned by PV/T water heater annually in terms of thermal energy is Rs. 105.6 cores and in terms of exergy is Rs. 10.2 cores respectively. The thermal energy has wider applications in the hu- man's life. It can be generally utilized in the form of either low grade (low temperature) or high grade (high tempera- ture). The temperature profiles of the photovoltaic (PV) module in a non-steady state condition with respect to time have studied (1). The overall electrical efficiency of the PV module can be increased by increasing the packing factor (PF) and reducing the temperature of the PV module by us- ing the thermal energy associated with the PV module (2, 3). The carrier of thermal energy associated with the PV module may be either air or water. Once thermal energy withdrawal is integrated with the photovoltaic (PV) module, it is referred as hybrid PV/T system. Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) technology refers to the integration of a PV module and conventional solar thermal collector in a single piece of equipment. The rationale behind the hybrid concept is that a solar cell converts solar radiation to electrical energy with peak efficiency in the range of 9- 12%, depending on specific solar-cell type and thermal en- ergy through water heating. More than 80% of the solar ra- diation falling on photovoltaic (PV) cells is not converted to electricity, but either reflected or converted to thermal en- ergy. In view of this, hybrid photovoltaic and thermal (PV/T) collectors are introduced to simultaneously generate electric- ity and thermal power (4). The PV/T water heating system, two types of combi-","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132103484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Pollution and Health Impact in China: A Mini Review","authors":"Wen-Qing Lu, Shaohua Xie, Wen-Shan Zhou, Shao-Hui Zhang, Ai-lin Liu","doi":"10.2174/1874233500802010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874233500802010001","url":null,"abstract":"For the last 20-odd years in China, an economic boom has resulted in severe environmental pollution; water pollution, particularly, is of great concern. It has been reported that pollution in China's overall surface water is rated me- dium. The water quality of groundwater, lakes and reservoirs has deteriorated. Consequently, such a general distribution of water pollution has posed a grave threat to public health in China. The health impact of water pollution has been docu- mented in the last several decades; these documents are reviewed in this paper on several outstanding aspects, including chronic mercurialism, arsenism, cancers related to microcystins, health problems caused by organic pollutants and water pollution accidents as well. Indubitably, water pollution and its health impact remain enormous challenges in China.","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124040385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processes of Contaminant Removal in Fe0-H2O Systems Revisited: The Importance of Co-Precipitation","authors":"C. Noubactep","doi":"10.23689/FIDGEO-823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23689/FIDGEO-823","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanism of aqueous contaminant removal by elemental iron (Fe 0 ) materials (e.g., in Fe 0 -H2O systems) has been largely discussed in the \"iron technology\" literature. Two major removal mechanisms are usually discussed: (i) contaminant adsorption onto Fe 0 oxidation products, and (ii) contaminant reduction by Fe 0 , Fe II or H/H2. However, a closer inspection of the chemistry of the Fe 0 -H2O system reveals that co-precipitation could be the primary removal mechanism. The plausibility of contaminant co-precipitation with iron corrosion products as independent contaminant re- moval mechanism is discussed here. It shows that the current concept does not take into account that the corrosion product generation is a dynamic process in the course of which contaminants are entrapped in the matrix of iron hydroxides. It is recalled that contaminant co-precipitation with iron hydroxides/oxides is an unspecific removal mechanism. Contaminant co-precipitation as primary removal mechanism is compatible with subsequent reduction and explains why redox- insensitive species are quantitatively removed. Adsorption and co-precipitation precede reduction and abiotic reduction, when it takes place, occurs independently by a direct (electrons from Fe 0 ) or an indirect (electrons from Fe II /H2) mecha- nism.","PeriodicalId":117977,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Journal","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131617996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}