{"title":"What Happened to the Soviet Superpower’s Nuclear Arsenal? Clues for the Nuclear Security Summit","authors":"G. Allison","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2148716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2148716","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty years ago Russia and fourteen other newly-independent states emerged from the ruins of the Soviet empire, many as nations for the first time in history. As is typical in the aftermath of the collapse of an empire, this was followed by a period of chaos, confusion, and corruption. As the saying went at the time, “everything is for sale.†At that same moment, as the Soviet state imploded, 35,000 nuclear weapons remained at thousands of sites across a vast Eurasian landmass that stretched across eleven time zones. Today, fourteen of the fifteen successor states to the Soviet Union are nuclear weapons-free. When the U.S.S.R. disappeared, 3,200 strategic nuclear warheads remained in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus, most of them atop intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that stood on alert, ready to be fired at targets in the U.S. Today, every one of the nuclear weapons in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus has been deactivated and returned to Russia, where they were dismantled and the nuclear material in the warheads blended down to produce fuel for civilian reactors. Strategic nuclear weapons are nuclear warheads aimed at an adversary’s nuclear weapons, cities and military infrastructure. Typically, they are large in yield and heavy. Of greater interest to terrorists, however, were the former U.S.S.R’s 22,000 tactical nuclear weapons with smaller yields and shorter ranges. These were designed primarily for battlefield use, with some small enough to fit into a duffel bag. Today, all of these have also been returned to Russia, leaving zero nuclear weapons in any other state of the former Soviet Union. Former Czech president Vaclav Havel observed about the rush of events in the 1990s: “things have changed so fast we have not yet taken time to be astonished.†Perhaps the most astonishing fact about the past twenty years is something that did not happen. Despite the risk realistically estimated by former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney in 3 What Happened to the Soviet Superpower's Nuclear Arsenal? Clues for the Nuclear Security Summit December 1991, two decades have passed without the discovery of a single nuclear weapon outside Russia. This paper will address the question: how did this happen? Looking ahead, it will consider what clues we can extract from the success in denuclearizing fourteen post-Soviet states that can inform our non-proliferation and nuclear security efforts in the future. These clues may inform leaders of the U.S., Russia, and other responsible nations attending the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit on March 26-27, 2012. The paper will conclude with specific recommendations, some exceedingly ambitious that world leaders could follow to build on the Seoul summit’s achievements against nuclear terrorism in the period before the next summit in 2014. One of these would be to establish a Global Alliance Against Nuclear Terrorism.","PeriodicalId":113824,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Conflict Studies (Topic)","volume":"87 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133190816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Rags to Rifles: Deprivation, Conflict and the Welfare State","authors":"D. Rohner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1554886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1554886","url":null,"abstract":"Historical evidence suggests that poor population groups are more likely to engage in conflict. We construct a theoretical model of the choice between appropriation and production. Fully specified production functions allow for both symmetrical outcomes and for introducing inequalities in abilities and endowments. It is examined under what conditions income and capital redistribution, as well as education, health and poverty-alleviation spending reduce the incentives for appropriation. Empirical evidence is presented that is consistent with the theory.","PeriodicalId":113824,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Conflict Studies (Topic)","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127466065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synopsis of the Africanization of the South Pacific Thesis: Is the Africanization Thesis a True Diagnosis of Instability in Melanesia","authors":"Viliame Wilikilagi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1488559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1488559","url":null,"abstract":"Ben Reilly (2000) states in his article titled “The Africanization of the South Pacific” in the Australian Journal of International Affairs that these are troubling times for Democracy in the South Pacific. In the last 3 decades the Pacific has seen a growing trend of political uncertainty and instability that has resulted in armed conflict and in political violence (Henderson and Watson, 2005). Of particular interest is the fact that the majority of the instability and uncertainty has been occurring within Melanesia.Henderson and Watson (2005) have used the term “Arc of Instability” to describe the aforementioned Melanesian States and this is reflective of the level of political instability and uncertainty that these States have experienced.This paper looks at the main arguments proffered by Reilly in his Africanization of the South Pacific Thesis and aims to focus the discussion in the light of whether it is a true and proper diagnosis of what has been manifested in the South Pacific Region. For ease of analysis, I will concentrate on the Melanesian States in particularly Fiji and the Solomon Islands to determine the extent of the relativity of Reilly’s Thesis.","PeriodicalId":113824,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Conflict Studies (Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122287434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From the War on Terror to the Financial Crisis: Establishing the Links between Militarism, Moralism and Market Fundamentalism","authors":"Marc D. Froese","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1507178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1507178","url":null,"abstract":"Paul Rogers is one of the foremost British academic commentators on the American led ‘war on terror.’ Like all ambitious and mature scholars, he takes as his field the entire terrain of conflict, from the technological and economic factors, to the political, social and ideational factors that have shaped public policy. Rogers’ view is refreshing because he is not bound by the traditional strictures of critical political economy that tend to place undue emphasis on single factors. While he quite rightly places the economics of national interest squarely in his sights, he also takes a great deal of effort to show how both technological and ideational factors come into play. It is a rare scholar indeed who is as comfortable discussing weapons systems as he is discussing dispensation theology.","PeriodicalId":113824,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Conflict Studies (Topic)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128813579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jihad, Terrorism and Islamic Jurisprudence","authors":"Avani Bansal","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1322985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1322985","url":null,"abstract":"This paper emerged as a reaction to the deafening silence of the umpteen reports announcing the ghastly acts of Terrorism around the world and further atrocious attempt to link an entire religion with these acts. The brunt of such mindless acts is being faced not only by the innocent Muslims but also by every ordinary citizen of this world who stands perplexed at the fear ridden world and finds himself lost in this quagmire. This project report is an humble attempt to revisit the linkage that is most frequently drawn by scholars of the day in the wake of Post September 11 mania, and especially after November 26th to find out the truth. This paper is definitely not an 'experiment with truth' but rather a 'quest for truth'. To what extent has the authoress succeeded is for the reader to find and judge but as for me, though I didn't reach the destination, I learned a lot on this journey and it is this understanding of the issues that confront my world today which stands as my most cherished award.","PeriodicalId":113824,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Conflict Studies (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133299313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conceptual Framework to Study Peasant Society and Economy","authors":"S. Thapa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1692234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1692234","url":null,"abstract":"There are ample references that Asian peasantry showed militant revolutionary tendencies repeatedly since the early years of Asian revolutions. The ceaseless disturbances and class conflict in various Asian societies occurred only after the end of the Second World War. Without removing colonial and feudalistic remnants, modern history deteriorated into deep fetters.1 In colonies, there existed tendencies such as foreign bourgeoisie class, exploited and alienated proletariats, foreign oriented social ideologies and thoughts; and cultural and academic dependencies. Those situations were the major causes of chaotic situations. This kind of situation was mostly common in the past. Since the ancient times, China held supremacy over East Asia. However, in modern times, Japan became the leader in the East Asian region and the British had political control over South and South East Asia. This situation was far more responsible for penetration of revolutionary ideals among the political activists as well as the peasantry. It has disintegrated traditional social values and order. In fact, incompetent ruling classes or autocratic regimes were no longer to sustain national identity or sovereignty, while oppressed masses, poor peasantry and isolated intellectuals fought against the imperialists and the feudal states. In many cases, movements of oppressed and toiling Asian peasantry started with their economic grievances, but later on those movements developed into the struggle against the feudal state. More importantly, those movements developed into class struggles. The Taiping revolution of China (1851-64) 2 and Gab-O revolution of Korea (1894) 3 are such examples. There occurred many peasant movements in other South Asian countries as well which paralleled those revolutions in terms of the nature of class conflict.","PeriodicalId":113824,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Conflict Studies (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126699017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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