{"title":"From Forest Biomass to Carbon Trading","authors":"G. Mardiatmoko","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80395","url":null,"abstract":"The role of forest biomass is now greater due to its ability to cope with global warming. Facts prove that forest cover decreases have caused climate change and various disasters such as flood, landslide, drought, extreme weather, and others. Efforts to address climate change have been made by the international community through greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction programs with avoided deforestation and forest degradation through the afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism (A/R CDM), reducing emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD+), joint implementation (JI), and voluntary carbon market (VCM) schemes. These programs are closely related with carbon trading. Carbon markets need a unit of trade. For carbon, this is one ton of greenhouse gas emissions expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (tCO 2 e). That is why measurement of forest biomass is very important. Methods to estimate forest biomass from models, inventory, remote sensing data, and geographical information system are being developed, evaluated, and demonstrated at several pilot regions in the world. Carbon markets are believed to be effective and efficient mechanisms in providing these financing sources. In carbon markets, prices are decisive in generating carbon credits. Higher carbon prices will cause more carbon credits to be generated. Nevertheless, carbon trading from REDD+ is found to be a concern especially for developing countries that is the risk of leakage and non-permanence. This chapter aims to inform the importance of measuring forest biomass as it is used as the basis for carbon accounting on carbon trading.","PeriodicalId":111446,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Resources and Biorefineries","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123031220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy Prospects of Hazardous Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Facilities","authors":"R. Hakiki, Temmy Wiakaningrum, T. Kurniawan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80932","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":111446,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Resources and Biorefineries","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134162380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. S. Agu, L. Tabil, V. Meda, T. Dumonceaux, Edmund Mupondwav
{"title":"Pretreatment of Crop Residues by Application of Microwave Heating and Alkaline Solution for Biofuel Processing: A Review","authors":"O. S. Agu, L. Tabil, V. Meda, T. Dumonceaux, Edmund Mupondwav","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79103","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of microwave-assisted alkaline pretreatments and enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic agricultural crop residues are reviewed. Pretreatment is a major step for the efficient and effective biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel. Microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment is one of the promising techniques used in the bioconversion of biomass into useful energy product. The advantages of microwave heating coupled with alkaline pretreatment include reduction of the process energy requirement, rapid and super heating, and low toxic compound formation. This chapter reviews recent microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification techniques on different agricultural residues highlighting lignocellulosic biomass treatments and reducing sugar yields, and recovery. In addition, compiled up-to-date research studies, development efforts and research findings related to microwave-assisted alkali, and enzymatic hydrolysis are provided.","PeriodicalId":111446,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Resources and Biorefineries","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129204982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanchai Kuboon, Wasawat Kraithong, Jaruwan Damaurai, K. Faungnawakij
{"title":"Hydro-Fractionation for Biomass Upgrading","authors":"Sanchai Kuboon, Wasawat Kraithong, Jaruwan Damaurai, K. Faungnawakij","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79396","url":null,"abstract":"Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of three components including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. A fractionation step is considered as one of the most important preliminary processes for the separation of these three components before their further utilization. Among different separation techniques, water-based pretreatments or hydro-fractionations including (a) subcritical water extraction, (b) supercritical water extraction, and (c) steam explosion have shown their promising advantages both in terms of separation efficiency and in terms of environmental friendliness. Several hydro-fractionation technologies have been developed during the last decade in which each fractionation process has different impacts on the compositional and structural features of biomass. The fractionation principle, current status, and their potential uses in the biorefinery for sugar-based chemical platform production are mainly discussed.","PeriodicalId":111446,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Resources and Biorefineries","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114392113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Solid Biomass from Forest Trees to Energy: A Review","authors":"A. C. Gonçalves, I. Malico, A. Sousa","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79303","url":null,"abstract":"Among the different terrestrial ecosystems, forests are the most important biomass carbon producers and the ones that store the most standing biomass carbon. Consequently, they are also the major source of biomass for energy. Forest biomass has been used as a fuel from early times, and from the late twentieth century onward, there has been a renewed interest in its use to produce heat and electricity. The interest in forest biomass as an energy source relates to some of its features, such as relative abundance and uniformity worldwide and neutrality of CO2 emissions. Nonetheless, its use is not free of risks, mostly related with the sustainability of the forest systems and their productions. This study reviews the state of the art of the forest sources of biomass for energy, their assessment, their properties as a fuel, as well as the conversion technologies used in the most common energy applications.","PeriodicalId":111446,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Resources and Biorefineries","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133421595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Taiwo, T. Ojumu, Tafirenyika Nyamayaro Madzimbamuto
{"title":"Statistical Optimization of Acetoin Production Using Corn Steep Liquor as a Low-Cost Nitrogen Source by Bacillus Subtilis CICC 10025","authors":"A. Taiwo, T. Ojumu, Tafirenyika Nyamayaro Madzimbamuto","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79353","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates the effect of some selected nitrogen sources (corn steep liquor— CSL, yeast extract, and beef extract) on the bioproduction of a selected flavor—acetoin (AC) from glucose—with a view to optimize its production. The results revealed that by using a cheap nitrogen source, corn steep liquor, the yield of acetoin is similar to those of the extracts of yeast and beef. Furthermore, it was shown that by using the Box-Behnken design, the optimum parameters such as glucose concentration, corn steep liquor, and inoculum size to maximize the concentration of acetoin produced are 78.40 g/L, 15% w/v, and 2.70% v/v, respectively. The validated concentration of acetoin produced in a triplicate analysis, 10.70 g/L, was 0.06% less than the predicted value. The results of this study may encourage the development of cost-effective nutritional use of corn steep liquor for bioproduction of acetoin on an industrial scale.","PeriodicalId":111446,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Resources and Biorefineries","volume":"1994 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125546671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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