{"title":"Chaos and Consequences","authors":"Lucia M. Rafanelli","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates how the ethical principles developed in the previous chapters may be implemented in the real world. Implementing these principles would be made especially difficult by the lack of powerful and reliable global governance institutions and by the possibility that even interventions that live up to the principles may produce negative consequences. Given these difficulties, the chapter makes several core recommendations. First, some reform interventions should be subject to approval or oversight by diverse actors within global civil society. Second, interveners should adopt a presumption in favor of interventions where they exert less rather than more control over recipients. Third, global political actors should give political priority to supporting and engaging in interventions that challenge current and historical power hierarchies.","PeriodicalId":109372,"journal":{"name":"Promoting Justice Across Borders","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114913038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toleration as Engagement","authors":"Lucia M. Rafanelli","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the toleration objection to reform intervention (that it is impermissible because it treats recipients with intolerance) and develops a novel account of international toleration. The chapter argues that not all reform interventions are vulnerable to the toleration objection and develops principles to identify which kinds are and are not. In so doing, it defends a novel understanding of international toleration—toleration as engagement—according to which a commitment to toleration does not preclude trying to promote (one’s own conception of) justice in foreign societies via reform intervention. Sometimes, a commitment to toleration even generates reason in favor of reform intervention. The chapter also argues there are some (exceptional) cases in which reform intervention is, all things considered, permissible even if it treats recipients with intolerance.","PeriodicalId":109372,"journal":{"name":"Promoting Justice Across Borders","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132639682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Degrees of Legitimacy","authors":"Lucia M. Rafanelli","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the legitimacy objection to reform intervention (that it is impermissible because it disrespects recipients’ legitimate institutions) and argues that legitimacy should be understood as a scalar quality. The chapter argues that not all reform interventions are vulnerable to the legitimacy objection by showing that not all reform interventions are premised on a denial of recipient institutions’ legitimacy. Some reform interventions treat recipient institutions as one should treat fully legitimate institutions; they may be justified even if recipients’ institutions are fully legitimate. Other reform interventions treat recipient institutions neither as fully legitimate nor as completely illegitimate; they may be justified when recipients’ institutions are partially legitimate. Making sense of this requires adopting a scalar notion of legitimacy, which allows us to account for important global political phenomena that binary variants obscure. The chapter also argues we are morally required to open our own societies to reform intervention.","PeriodicalId":109372,"journal":{"name":"Promoting Justice Across Borders","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133363416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Collective Self-Determination without Isolation","authors":"Lucia M. Rafanelli","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the self-determination objection to reform intervention (that it is impermissible because it undermines recipients’ collective self-determination) and argues that a commitment to self-determination doesn’t require (as is often assumed) shoring up the boundaries between different societies. Rather, it requires investing in those political projects—including certain reform interventions—that serve to mitigate both local and international threats to self-determination. The chapter considers three ways in which reform intervention might undermine recipients’ self-determination: by dominating them, by subjecting them to neocolonial power dynamics, or by making their institutions more responsive to interveners’ interests at the expense of recipients’ interests. It identifies which kinds of reform intervention risk undermining recipients’ self-determination in these ways and which don’t. This analysis reveals that reform intervention need not undermine recipients’ self-determination and may sometimes bolster it.","PeriodicalId":109372,"journal":{"name":"Promoting Justice Across Borders","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132767426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond the State, beyond War","authors":"Lucia M. Rafanelli","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues it is important to move beyond the focus of most scholarship on the ethics of intervention (on states intervening militarily or with other coercive means) and pay closer attention to interventions undertaken by nonstate actors and/or using less adversarial or coercive means. It clearly delineates the boundaries of the category “reform intervention.” It identifies several dimensions along which reform interventions can vary: the degree of control interveners exercise over recipients, the urgency of interveners’ objectives, the costs an intervention poses to recipients, and how interveners interact with recipients’ existing political institutions. It sketches some preliminary ideas on how these variations might affect an intervention’s permissibility. In so doing, the chapter also introduces several real-world cases of reform intervention.","PeriodicalId":109372,"journal":{"name":"Promoting Justice Across Borders","volume":"83 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132966834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Lucia M. Rafanelli","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568842.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Having shown that some reform interventions are, all things considered, permissible, and having developed theoretical standards for identifying them, the conclusion argues that these permissible interventions may sometimes be morally required. Any who believe there is a natural duty of justice (to support and promote the establishment of just institutions) that is global in scope should think people are at least sometimes required to engage in reform intervention. The conclusion also argues that following two of the book’s directives—to prioritize interventions that challenge existing and historical power hierarchies and to open up our own societies to reform intervention—could help alleviate the epistemic injustice suffered by those whose ideas about justice are not currently prominent on the global stage.","PeriodicalId":109372,"journal":{"name":"Promoting Justice Across Borders","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132125193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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