环境科学与生态学最新文献

{"title":"Decision Analysis for Sustained Control vs. Eradication of Invasive Pines: A Case Study in the Southern Pampas of Argentina","authors":"Roy E. Elicer,&nbsp;Gabriela I. E. Brancatelli,&nbsp;Sergio M. Zalba","doi":"10.1111/aec.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biological invasions are one of the main drivers of change in terrestrial ecosystems and also a major expenditure in the budget of conservation units. Management of invasive species involves sets of options, including the alternatives of sustained control aimed at containing the spread of the invader or reducing its density or occupation area vs. the complete eradication of the species from a given site. Grasslands are particularly affected by the expansion of alien trees and shrubs that provoke not just a change in species composition but also a shift in the structure and functioning of the whole ecosystem. In this paper we compare the alternatives of sustained control (containment) vs. eradication and vs. no intervention for a stand of invasive alien pines growing in a grassland nature reserve in the southern Argentinean Pampas. We built a decision analysis schema considering both the effects of the pines on native plant communities and the costs of mechanical control. We compared total vegetation cover, plant species richness, and composition in plots located in areas with different densities of pine trees and in controls free of the invasion. The costs of controlling pines were calculated from actual management interventions in sites with different tree densities. Areas with high density of pines were associated to an impoverishment in vegetation richness and diversity with respect to those at medium and low tree density. Pines were associated with changes in the floristic composition of the piedmont grasslands, including an increase in the abundance of exotic grasses. Cost analysis revealed that sustained control equates to the investment of eradication in thirty years. If we add to the analysis the capacity of <i>P. halepensis</i> to carry out long-distance dispersal events that can result in new invasion nuclei, eradication appears as the most efficient management alternative both in environmental and budgetary terms.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"50 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of polystyrene nanoplastics on zebrafish gut microbiota and mechanistic insights","authors":"Abdul Rehman ,&nbsp;Théogène Habumugisha ,&nbsp;Fuyi Huang ,&nbsp;Zixing Zhang ,&nbsp;Claude Kiki ,&nbsp;Mamun Abdullah Al ,&nbsp;Changzhou Yan ,&nbsp;Uzma Shaheen ,&nbsp;Xian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquatic environments are frequently contaminated with nanoplastics (NPs) ranging from 1–100 nm generated by plastic aging, but their bio-enrichment and toxicological impacts remain poorly understood. This study investigates how chronic exposure to carboxylated polystyrene nanoplastics (PNPs) alters gut microbiota composition and function in zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>). Adult zebrafish were exposed to 50 nm PNPs at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/L for 14 and 28 days, followed by gut microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. PNP exposure altered gut microbiota composition, including an increase in Proteobacteria abundance and a decrease in Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and the inflammation-related genus <em>Alistipes</em>. Beneficial probiotics such as <em>Faecalibacterium</em>, <em>Streptococcus</em>, <em>Bifidobacterium</em>, and <em>Lachnospira</em> were diminished, while pathogenic bacteria proliferated. TEM imaging revealed the internalization of PNP particles within intestinal tissues resulted in vacuolation, suggesting potential epithelial damage. Co-occurrence network patterns of gut microbiota greatly decreased during treatment with NPs. The neutral community model showed that among PNP treatments, 0.1 mg/L led to a less predictable (stochastic assembly process). PNP exposure led to increased predicted microbial functions (<em>via</em> PICRUSt2) related to xenobiotic metabolism, infection pathways, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production, while RNA transport and N-glycan biosynthesis were decreased. However, pathways related to microbial antioxidants exhibited significant variation across different PNP levels. These results provide critical insights into the toxicological impacts of chronic PNP exposure on fish gut health, highlighting the potential risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 118332"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant and saproxylic beetle dynamics during succession in lowland temperate broadleaf forests reveal only short periods of increased diversity","authors":"Vojtěch Lanta ,&nbsp;Pavel Sebek ,&nbsp;Petr Kozel ,&nbsp;Jan Altman ,&nbsp;Radek Bače ,&nbsp;Zuzana Chlumská ,&nbsp;Tomáš Černý ,&nbsp;Miroslav Dvorský ,&nbsp;David Hauck ,&nbsp;Kirill Korznikov ,&nbsp;Jan Miklín ,&nbsp;Štěpán Vodka ,&nbsp;Jiří Doležal ,&nbsp;Lukáš Čížek","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest succession, pivotal for biodiversity restoration after disturbance, lacks comprehensive comparisons among different taxa to elucidate mechanisms driving spatiotemporal diversity changes across trophic levels. While forest succession is generally understood, knowledge of multi-taxon succession in lowland temperate broadleaf forests is limited due to scarcity of large old-growth habitats and insufficient long-term multitrophic data.</div><div>We studied successional dynamics of understory plants and saproxylic beetles (xylophages, saproxylophages, saprophages, mycetophages and zoophages) in 91 oak-hornbeam forest stands and examined species richness of functional guilds and ecological traits across a chronosequence spanning 170 years of succession.</div><div>We discovered non-linear successional patterns in species richness and functional groups of both taxa. Peaks in diversity were observed in the early- and late-successional stages, with extended periods of lower diversity in the middle stages. The patterns were closely associated with fluctuations in light availability. Early-successional stages harboured light-demanding species, taller plants, and flower-visiting beetles, while middle stages were species-poorer, favoring organisms typical of shaded, moist environments. In late-successional stages, diversity increased again due to self-thinning and stand aging as succession progressed, but the values did not reach the state of early stages.</div><div>In temperate broadleaf forests, biodiversity fluctuates throughout succession, with brief peaks during the post-disturbance recovery phase and again later as trees age and canopy opens due to treefall. Effective conservation strategies should aim to maintain a heterogeneous canopy structure by applying partial cutting with retained trees and preserve old-growth attributes such as large deadwood and old trees, ensuring an open canopy around these elements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 111258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cascading Effects Within Soil Food Web Amplify Fungal Biomass and Necromass Production","authors":"Shixiu Zhang,&nbsp;Yakov Kuzyakov,&nbsp;Zhongjun Jia,&nbsp;Edith Bai,&nbsp;Elly Morriën,&nbsp;Aizhen Liang","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil food webs regulate microbial biomass and necromass production and are therefore critical for carbon sequestration. The mechanisms by which top predators regulate microbial necromass formation across multitrophic levels in the real-world soil food web remain nearly unknown. This study investigates how top-down forces—from omnivorous-predaceous nematodes to microbivorous nematodes and microbes—affect the formation of microbial necromass within tritrophic food webs under contrasting tillage regimes (tillage (till) vs. no-tillage (no-till)) on black soils (Mollisols), using a 1-year ¹³C-labeled straw in situ tracing experiment integrated with a long-term (&gt; 5 years) tillage trial. The fungal-to-bacterial necromass ratio increased strongly in the no-till soil compared to the till soil, with omnivores-predators being the key factor for these changes. In the no-till soil, abundant and diverse omnivores-predators (46% and 67% higher in abundance and richness than in the till soil) created a typical predator–prey relationship with fungivores. This relationship was characterized by heavy predation on fungivores (51% of omnivore-predator diet) and opposite 1-year dynamics of ¹³C content between omnivores-predators and fungivores. Such a predator–prey relationship substantially reduced fungivore activity (73% and 90% decrease in ¹³C content and enrichment rate), while accompanied by increased fungal activity (64% and 50% increase in ¹³C content and enrichment rate) in the no-till soil compared to the till soil. This predator-driven cascade down the food chain amplified the fungal contribution to the fungal-to-bacterial necromass ratio. Conversely, these interactions, disrupted by continuous tillage, weakened fungal functions by interrupting the trophic cascade. In conclusion, these tiny yet ubiquitous omnivorous-predaceous nematodes exert a disproportionate impact on necromass formation by boosting fungal biomass and activity. Further manipulative experiments targeting multi-trophic interactions are essential to disentangle the mechanisms of microbial necromass formation, given the inherent complexity of soil food webs and the observational nature of this study.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of functional additives on biodegradable plastic biodegradation in natural terrestrial and composting environments","authors":"Clement Matthew Chan, Serena Yim, Paul Lant, Steven Pratt, Bronwyn Laycock","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2024.2443284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2024.2443284","url":null,"abstract":"Biodegradable plastics show promise in addressing traditional plastic waste issues. However, most commercially available biodegradable plastic products are blended/composite materials, combining biodegradable polymers with other polymers, fillers and additives. Non-reactive functional additives, such as plasticizers and stabilizers, raise concerns due to potential leaching as well as release on degradation. Thus, understanding how these additives affect biodegradation rates and processes is crucial, and a comprehensive overview is missing in the literature. This review highlights that the localized additive concentration levels adjacent to the plastic materials could, at least for a time, exceed the threshold concentrations for substantial impacts on microbial activities, especially in slow transport media such as soil and compost. Of the available literature, it is concerning that only a small fraction reported continuous quantitative biodegradation data with sampling frequency and duration adequate for comprehensive data synthesis. In those studies, the presence of additives resulted in an extended lag time for biodegradation compared to virgin polymer. Interestingly, additives also typically increased the biodegradation rate following this initial lag time. Overall, variation was observed in the half-life of biodegradable polymer/additive blends when considering both lag time and biodegradation rate. The likely key controlling factors dictating how additives impact biodegradable plastics biodegradation include the rate of additive leaching, alterations in polymer properties induced by additives and their leaching, and the intrinsic characteristics of the additives themselves. Future life cycle analysis and environmental impact assessments of new bioplastic products must consider the influence of additives.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"183 1","pages":"708-731"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of inland nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane concentrates management: Treatment, resource recovery and future development","authors":"Hao Zhang, Zhangjie Yu, Jinlong Wang, Zheng Ke, Le Tong, Xiaobin Tang, Langming Bai, Han Zhang, Guibai Li, Heng Liang","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2024.2436161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2024.2436161","url":null,"abstract":"Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis have become prevalent methods for treating inland wastewater because of superior separation efficiency and operational simplicity, yet they produce highly polluting membrane concentrates (e.g., from municipal potable water and municipal and industrial wastewater) containing biological, organic, and salt pollutants. Managing membrane concentrates poses significant challenges, often resulting in underutilization of their valuable components. This paper discusses strategies for reducing, rendering harmless, and utilizing resources from membrane concentrates, along with their future development trends. Methods for reducing membrane concentrate formation, such as optimizing operational modes and membrane modification, are examined. Generally, the preprocessing methods can be used as an oxidation pretreatment to improve the removal of macromolecular pollutants in the membrane concentrates, and provide conditions for the targeted removal of non-biodegradability emerging contaminants by free radicals in the oxidation process. The biological treatment further treats biodegradable pollutants. Finally, biosafety and water quality can be guaranteed through the membrane process, so as to achieve near-zero emissions. Resource recovery options include the production of salt crystals (e.g., potassium and magnesium phosphate, hydroxyapatite), microalgae resources, and others. Additionally, non-chemical pretreatment before membrane processing is proposed to simplify the treatment of membrane concentrates. A new analytic hierarchy process aids in selecting appropriate treatment and resource utilization processes for membrane concentrates. Furthermore, there is a call for the establishment and reinforcement of water quality legislation to address emerging contaminants in membrane concentrates, as well as regulations governing the purity of resources such as salts recovered from membrane concentrates.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing halophytes to mitigate the environmental impact of membrane desalination brine","authors":"Nesrine Kalboussi ,&nbsp;Karim Ben Hamed ,&nbsp;Hamza Elfil","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an integrated and sustainable approach to valorise brine from brackish water desalination plants through the cultivation of halophytes in hydroponic systems. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of halophytes in reducing brine salinity. The methodology includes halophyte acclimatisation, brine collection and analysis, experimental prototypes setup, and monitoring of plant physiological parameters as well as the physico-chemical properties of water. Halophytes were cultivated in three hydroponic systems using water media with varying salinity levels: brackish borehole water (3 g/L), and Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination brines with salinities of 6 g/L and 9 g/L. The results showed a correlation between irrigation water salinity and halophyte growth, with the densest root development observed at higher salinity levels (9 g/L). The chemical analyses of halophytes revealed sodium and potassium accumulation in plant tissues, underscoring their capacity to reduce brine salinity. These findings highlight the potential of halophytes as a promising and sustainable solution for valorising brine from RO brackish water desalination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"387 ","pages":"Article 125780"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing machine learning and geospatial technologies for precise soil erodibility mapping and prediction","authors":"Wudu Abiye,&nbsp;Endalamaw Dessie Alebachew,&nbsp;Orhan Dengiz","doi":"10.1007/s12665-025-12270-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12665-025-12270-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil erosion threatens fertility and sustainability, with soil erodibility influencing erosion rates based on physical and chemical properties. This study aimed to estimate soil erodibility for various land uses using the K-factor from the Wischmeier equation, assess indicators such as the structural stability index, clay ratio, and dispersion ratio, and develop a predictive model for erosion risk using artificial neural networks (ANN) and geospatial technologies. High-resolution spatial maps of erosion risk were created to inform land management and conservation efforts. An ANN model in MATLAB R2024a predicted soil erodibility as well as indicators such as the dispersion ratio, crust formation, and clay ratio. Statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation assessment, were performed with OriginPro 2021b to explore relationships between soil properties. Spatial maps of observed and predicted erodibility were created using ArcGIS 10.7.1. Results showed that erodibility values ranged from 0.023 to 0.152 t·ha·hr·MJ^-1·mm^-1 for the observed data and 0.026 to 0.148 t·ha·hr·MJ^-1·mm^-1 for the predicted values. For different land uses, it included 0.09513t·ha·hr·MJ^-1·mm ¹ for cultivated land, 0.060796 t·ha· hr·MJ ¹ · mm ¹ for forest land, and 0.092685 t·ha·hr·MJ^-1·mm^-1 for pasture land. The ANN model demonstrated high accuracy, with R-values of 0.999 for soil erodibility, 0.996 for the structural stability index (SSI), 0.995 for the clay ratio (CR), and 0.904 for the dispersion ratio (DR). This study effectively combines machine learning and geospatial technologies to predict and map soil erodibility, providing insights for erosion control and sustainable land management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":542,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","volume":"84 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-025-12270-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the heights of environmental impacts of the Himalayan waste management system through life cycle assessment approach","authors":"Apurva Sharma,&nbsp;Satish Kumar Bhardwaj,&nbsp;R. K. Aggarwal,&nbsp;Ravinder Sharma,&nbsp;Ghanshyam Agrawal","doi":"10.1007/s10661-025-14091-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10661-025-14091-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Himalayan region, characterized by its unique ecological diversity and fragility, faces escalating challenges related to waste management against the backdrop of global concerns about climate change. Rapid urbanization, population growth, changing consumption patterns, and thriving tourism have intensified the generation of municipal solid waste, contributing to the release of GHGs. This study aimed to quantify GHG emissions associated with waste management practices in the region. LCA was employed to evaluate the environmental impacts of waste management practices, identifying key areas for improvement and sustainable solutions. Contribution of waste management practices of composting, material recovery facilities, waste-to-energy, RDF facilities, landfills, incineration, and waste transportation were assessed in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The municipal solid waste management infrastructures in the state contributed to 3,98,098 tCO_2eqyr⁻¹ emissions of which waste transportation and landfills were identified as the major sources, highlighting the constraint of infrastructure in rural areas of the region. They made up 82% of all the emissions from waste management infrastructures in the state. The LCA studies confirmed that landfills for MSW were the major source of environmental incompatibility in the state. However, material recovery and fuel production practices in MSW management facilities drastically reduced the impacts on indicators, namely, abiotic depletion, acidification, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, human toxicity, and ozone depletion potential. The findings highlight the pressing need for efficient waste management facilities in the state to bolster climate change resilience and environmental compatibility, given the current inadequacies in infrastructure, processes, and skilled manpower.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":544,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"197 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How much is enough? Applying the law of large numbers to the measurement of interactions between ecosystem services","authors":"David W. Shanafelt","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2025.101736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2025.101736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ecosystem services (ES) are at the forefront of the scientific literature, finding themselves in the research profiles of the National Science Foundation and European Research Council, as well as many other national research agencies. Yet despite many publications on the topic, issues of data availability, quality and quantity, and uncertainty still remain limitations to the field. In a recent analysis, Shanafelt et al. (2023) found a general trend in the interactions between ES when sampling a landscape: sampling ten percent of the landscape was sufficient to recover the mean correlation between ES measured at the landscape scale. In this paper, we delve deeper into this finding. Specifically, we apply Chebyshev’s inequality and the law of large numbers to show that as the sample size increases, the sample correlation between any two ES approaches the “true” value measured from the underlying statistical distributions of those services across the landscape. Furthermore, there exists a sample size in which the difference between the sample correlation and the true value is tolerably null – the “ten’s rule” from Shanafelt et al. (2023). We hypothesize that this sample size depends on the underlying correlation strength between those ES and the similarity between their spatial distributions, and test this hypothesis using regression analysis in theoretically-generated landscapes. Finally, we test our ability to predict this sample size in the actual Shanafelt et al. (2023) data. Our findings have applications for sample and experimental design, as well as for devising and implementing policy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101736"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}