Journal of Immunology Research最新文献

{"title":"Progression in the In Vitro Macrophage Expansion.","authors":"Yunpeng Wei, Jingzhao Yang, Wenhong Zu, Mengran Wang, Yong Zhao","doi":"10.1155/jimr/9994439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/9994439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Macrophages play essential roles in homeostasis and disease, and they were considered terminally differentiated cells that cannot proliferate. However, growing evidence shows that macrophages can self-renew in homeostasis and multiple pathological states in vivo and artificial induction in vitro. With the rise of immune cell therapy based on macrophages, large-scale in vitro expansion of macrophages has become more and more urgent. However, the proliferation of macrophages in vitro is still inefficient because of the heterogeneity of macrophages, complicated crosstalk between macrophages and their microenvironments, and poor understanding of macrophage proliferation regulations. In this review, we summarized the discoveries known to stimulate macrophage proliferation in vitro, including cytokines, small molecule compounds, metabolites, the composition of pathogens and apoptotic cells, natural product extracts, gene editing, and other factors, as well as related mechanisms. It can be concluded that the promotion of macrophage proliferation in vitro covers various approaches and mechanisms. However, it is still necessary to test more strategies and learn more macrophage proliferation mechanisms to achieve large-scale engineering expansion of macrophages in vitro.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9994439"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12052461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Potential Link Between Autoimmune Diseases and Pan-Cancer: A Multidatabase Mendelian Randomization Analysis.","authors":"Chenguang Wang, Zhiyong Liu, Yuhao Zhou, Yan He, Yashu Zhang, Shiqi Chen, Wenqing Yang, Lijun Fan","doi":"10.1155/jimr/6468979","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/6468979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The relationship between autoimmune diseases (AIDs) and cancer is unclear and this study aimed to investigate the relationship between AIDs and cancer at the genetic level using Mendelian randomization (MR). <b>Methods:</b> The study employed two-sample MR and meta-analysis to investigate the association between AIDs and 33 types of cancer, following STROBE-MR guidelines. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AIDs were used as instrumental variables, with data from FinnGen, UK Biobank, and other databases. MR analyses included sensitivity checks, heterogeneity assessments, and reverse causality tests, using multiple MR methods (inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger, etc.). Meta-analysis was performed on validated results to confirm findings, with statistical analyses conducted using R software. <b>Results:</b> The results identified eight significant associations in both discovery and replication stages. Key findings include that myasthenia gravis (MG) significantly increases the risk of oral cavity cancer, multiple sclerosis (MS) is linked to increased risks of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small intestine cancer, and ulcerative colitis (UC) has mixed effects, reducing the risk of uterine cervix and larynx cancers, but increasing risks for pancreatic and bladder cancers. Meta-analysis confirmed eight secondary findings, highlighting pathogenic associations such as type 1 diabetes with esophagus cancer and protective effects like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) against acute myelocytic leukemia. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study provides evidence of a causal relationship between multiple AIDs and different cancer risks at the genetic level and provides a reference for the health management of patients with AIDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6468979"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12050153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Immunostimulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysate Proteins on THP-1 Macrophages: Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Response and Proteomic Profiling.","authors":"Md Mijanur Rahman, Asma Talukder, Md Sifat Rahi, Plabon Kumar Das, I Darren Grice, Glen C Ulett, Ming Q Wei","doi":"10.1155/jimr/2289241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/2289241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial lysate proteins (BLPs) serve as potential immunostimulants, recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells, eliciting a robust immune response. In this study, THP-1 macrophages were treated with varying doses of BLPs derived from <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (SP), <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> (SA), and <i>Serratia marcescens</i> (SM). The results showed significant increases (<i>p</i>  < 0.05) in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-6, IL-12, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), eotaxin, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1<i>α</i>, except for 5 µg of all BLPs for TNF-<i>α</i> and eotaxin, and 5 µg of SP for IL-12 production. No significant differences were found between the corresponding doses of SP and SA or SP and SM, except for GM-CSF in all doses, while SA and SM only showed a difference at the 5 µg dose for GM-CSF. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the 10 and 20 µg doses of all BLPs, indicating that doses higher than 10 µg do not significantly enhance the pro-inflammatory response. Combination doses of SP + SM and SA + SM did not show significant differences, except for IL-1<i>β</i>, suggesting no synergistic effect. Cytotoxicity was observed to increase with higher BLP concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, with combinations of SP + SM and SA + SM exhibiting greater cytotoxicity than the individual BLPs. Proteomic analysis of BLPs identified immunostimulatory proteins, including heat shock proteins (HSPs; ClpB, DnaK, and GroEL), metabolic enzymes (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), enolase, and arginine deiminase (ADI)), and surface and secreted proteins (ESAT-6-like protein, CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9, OmpA, porin OmpC, and serralysin), which are involved in immune modulation, bacterial clearance, and immune evasion. This study underscores the potential of bacterial proteins as vaccine adjuvants or supplementary therapies; however, further research is essential to find a balance between immune activation and inflammation reduction to develop safer and more effective immunostimulants.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2289241"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12048194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143969698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation Analysis of Human Immunological Indicators and Nosocomial Infections, Along With Evaluation Value for Prognosis.","authors":"Cai-Jun Wu, Jun Yan, Li-Ping Sun, Lin-Qin Ma, Lan Li, Jin Liu, Jia-Qi Zhang, Yang Ren, Wei Bi","doi":"10.1155/jimr/5539590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/5539590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to analyze the relevant risk factors for nosocomial infection (NI) in patients who were admitted to an emergency department, explore the correlation between each influencing factor and the risk of NI, and evaluate the application value of immunological indicators on the patient prognosis, all of which can provide reference for clinical guidance. <b>Methods:</b> We prospectively enrolled 128 patients meeting the inclusion criteria who visited the emergency department of Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, from January 1 to December 31, 2019. Basic information and serum samples were collected from the patients, and flow cytometry was used. T lymphocyte subgroups, CD3⁺CD4⁺and CD3⁺CD8⁺, and natural killer (NK) cells were measured. Patients were divided into infection group and control group according to whether nosocomial infection occurred within 48 h of admission. Age, gender, type of disease, APACHE II score, Charlton score, T lymphocyte subtypes, and NK cell values were compared, and a logistic multivariate regression analysis was conducted. A multifactor regression analysis was performed on various risk factors. The nomogram website was used to draw a nomogram model of meaningful indicators, and the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was based on experimental results. <b>Results:</b> Logistics multivariate regression analysis showed the Charlton score and NK cell count were independent risk factors for nosocomial infection. Cell counts for subsets CD3⁺CD4⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺ were protective factors, and the OR value and 95% CI were 5.199 (1.933-13.983), 1.248 (1.055-1.475), 0.851 (0.790-0.916), and 0.832 (0.711-0.973), <i>p</i> < 0.05. respectively. Statistical significance was set at <i>p</i> < 0.05.The nomogram model suggested that the area under the curve for predicting the risk of nosocomial infection was 0.920 (0.872-0.967), <i>p</i> < 0.001. <b>Conclusion:</b> Patients with low CD3⁺CD4⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺ T lymphocyte or high NK cell count as well as high Charlton score are more likely to have nosocomial infection. Then, we speculate that the risk of nosocomial infection within 48 h is also high for patients with underlying diseases and immune function that is affected and suppressed on admission, regardless of whether infection occurs during hospitalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"5539590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress on the Immunological Correlation Between Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.","authors":"Digui Fang, Limei Zhou, Biao Zheng","doi":"10.1155/jimr/7192808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/7192808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, a growing body of evidence has suggested a correlation between Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and the onset and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between HT and PTC remains incompletely understood. This review discusses the literature on the correlation between PTC and HT and summarizes the research concerning the immunological interplay between these two conditions. It also delves into tumor-associated cells (such as CD8+ T cells), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), alongside other tumor-associated factors, including interleukins (ILs), interferon-gamma (IFN-<i>γ</i>), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-<i>α</i>), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), highlighting their roles in the interaction between PTC and HT. We also explore the strategic direction of immunotherapy in thyroid malignancies, particularly PTC with HT, and propose novel targeted immunotherapies for advanced thyroid cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"7192808"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12043394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143969535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LINC00892 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Role in Immune Infiltration and EMT Suppression.","authors":"Xinyu Luan, Xuxing Peng, Qinghua Hou, Jixian Liu","doi":"10.1155/jimr/4341348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/4341348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a prevalent and aggressive form of lung cancer with poor prognosis, largely due to late-stage diagnosis and limited therapeutic options. Recent studies suggest that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in cancer progression and immune modulation, emerging as potential therapeutic targets. In this study, we investigated the expression and functional role of LINC00892 in LUAD using RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and functional assays in vitro and in vivo. We found that LINC00892 is significantly downregulated in LUAD tissues compared to normal tissues, and lower LINC00892 expression correlates with poorer overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free interval (PFI), particularly in younger patients and those with early-stage disease. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that LINC00892 expression is positively correlated with immune cell infiltration, including CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, and negatively correlated with tumor-promoting Th2 cells, suggesting its role in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment. In vitro functional assays showed that LINC00892 overexpression inhibits LUAD cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis. Mechanistically, LINC00892 upregulation was found to suppress epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by increasing E-cadherin expression and decreasing levels of N-cadherin, vimentin, and slug. Additionally, in an in vivo mouse xenograft model, LINC00892 overexpression suppressed tumor growth and metastasis, accompanied by enhanced immune cell infiltration such as CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that LINC00892 acts as a tumor suppressor in LUAD by modulating immune infiltration and EMT, highlighting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"4341348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12041620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144008189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Interaction Between Chronic Kidney Disease and <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> Infection Drives Inflammation and Immune Dysfunction.","authors":"Karina Adamowicz, Andrea Sofia Lima Ribeiro, Anna Golda, Marta Wadowska, Jan Potempa, Christoph Schmaderer, Hans-Joachim Anders, Joanna Koziel, Maciej Lech","doi":"10.1155/jimr/8355738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/8355738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a decline in renal function, increased mortality, and significant impairments in the immune system and function of immune cells. These alterations are often derived by uremic toxins, which, in turn, modify the immune system's response to infections. Our research investigates the progression of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> (<i>P. gingivalis</i>) infection during CKD and its subsequent impact on kidney failure. <b>Methods:</b> We utilized two infectious models, a chamber model representing short-term local inflammation and alveolar bone loss that mimic chronic infection of periodontium, both in conjunction with a CKD model. Additionally, our in vitro studies employed primary macrophages, osteoclasts, and lymphocytes to characterize the immune responses to <i>P. gingivalis</i> and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the presence of uremic toxins. <b>Results and Conclusion:</b> Our findings demonstrate that uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS), alter responses of macrophages and lymphocytes to <i>P. gingivalis</i>. In vivo, CKD significantly enhanced <i>P. gingivalis</i> survival and infection-induced alveolar bone loss. The increased distribution of pathogen within peripheral tissues was associated with altered inflammatory responses, indicating that CKD promotes infection. Moreover, <i>P. gingivalis</i>-infected mice exhibited a marked increase in renal inflammation, suggesting that the relationship between uremia and infection is bidirectional, with infection exacerbating kidney dysfunction. Furthermore, we observed that infected CKD mice exhibit decreased serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels compared to infected mice without CKD, implying that uremia is associated with immune dysfunction characterized by immunodepression and impaired B lymphocyte function.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8355738"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Silico Design and Characterization of a Multiepitope Vaccine Candidate Against <i>Brucella canis</i> Using a Reverse Vaccinology Approach.","authors":"Vicente Arriagada, Alberto Osorio, Crisleri Carrera-Naipil, Carlos A Villacis-Aguirre, Cristian Escobar, Nicolás Morales, Danthe Villa, Lien Mardones, Dafne Pérez, Macarena Jara, Raúl E Molina, Ítalo Ferrari, Sebastián Azocar, Leonardo A Gómez, Ángel A Oñate","doi":"10.1155/jimr/6348238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/6348238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Brucella canis</i> is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes canine brucellosis, a zoonotic disease with serious implications for public health and the global economy. Currently, there is no effective preventive vaccine for <i>B. canis</i>. Control measures include diagnostic testing, isolation, and euthanasia of infected animals. However, these measures face significant limitations, such as diagnostic challenges, ethical concerns, and limited success in preventing transmission. Epidemiologically, canine brucellosis exhibits seroprevalence rates ranging from less than 1% to over 15%, with higher rates reported in stray dogs and regions of low socioeconomic development. This study employed a reverse vaccinology approach to design and characterize a multiepitope vaccine candidate against <i>B. canis</i>, aiming to prevent infection caused by this pathogen. A comprehensive in silico analysis of the complete <i>B. canis</i> proteome was conducted to identify proteins with potential as vaccine targets. Predicted epitopes for B and T cells were analyzed, and those with the highest capacity to elicit a robust immune response were selected. These proteins were classified as plasma membrane proteins, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), or proteins with similarity to virulence factors. Selection criteria emphasized their essential roles in bacterial function, lack of homology with proteins from dogs or mice, and presence of fewer than two transmembrane domains. From this process, four candidate proteins were identified. Epitopes for B and T cells within these proteins were predicted and analyzed, selecting the most immunogenic sequences. The overlap between B- and T-cell epitopes narrowed the selection to six final epitopes. These selected epitopes were then assembled into a multiepitope vaccine construct using flexible linkers to ensure structural integrity and molecular adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity. The physicochemical properties, antigenicity, and toxicity of the designed vaccine were evaluated. Additionally, the secondary and tertiary structure of the vaccine was predicted and refined, followed by a molecular interaction analysis with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) receptor. The designed vaccine proved to be highly antigenic, nonallergenic, and nontoxic. Validation of its secondary and tertiary structures, along with molecular docking analysis, revealed a high binding affinity to the TLR4 receptor. Molecular dynamics simulations and normal mode analysis further confirmed the vaccine's structural stability and binding capacity. A multiepitope vaccine candidate against <i>B. canis</i> was successfully designed and characterized using a reverse vaccinology approach. This vaccine construct is expected to induce robust humoral and cellular immune responses, potentially conferring protective immunity against <i>B. canis</i>. The results of this study are promising; however, in vitro and in vivo tests are necessary to validate the vaccine's protec","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6348238"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12014272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144028452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Role of Cellular Interactions in the Colorectal Cancer Microenvironment.","authors":"Jiadai Tang, Liuhan Chen, Xin Shen, Tingrong Xia, Zhengting Li, Xiaoying Chai, Yao Huang, Shaoqiong Yang, Xinjun Peng, Junbo Lai, Rui Li, Lin Xie","doi":"10.1155/jimr/4109934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/4109934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the tumors with globally high incidence and mortality rates. In recent years, researchers have extensively explored the role of the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) in CRC, highlighting the crucial influence of immune cell populations in driving tumor progression and shaping therapeutic outcomes. The TME encompasses an array of cellular and noncellular constituents, spanning tumor cells, immune cells, myeloid cells, and tumor-associated fibroblasts, among others. However, the cellular composition within the TME is highly dynamic, evolving throughout different stages of tumor progression. These shifts in cell subpopulation proportions lead to a gradual transition in the immune response, shifting from an early antitumor growth to a late-stage environment that supports tumor survival. Therefore, it is crucial to further investigate and understand the complex interactions among the various cell populations within the TME. In this review, we explore the key cellular components of varying origins, subpopulations with shared origins, and noncellular elements within the CRC TME, examining their interconnections and critical considerations for developing personalized and precise immunotherapy strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"4109934"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of HLA-DRB1 Alleles in Patients With Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Their Association With Antiphospholipid Antibodies Presence and Damage Indexes.","authors":"Ewa Haladyj, Barbara Stypinska, Agata Matusiewicz, Marzena Olesinska, Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka","doi":"10.1155/jimr/2827348","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/2827348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is frequently coexisting with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the knowledge on its genetic background is essential. The objective of this work was to assess distribution of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles in patients with APS with or without SLE in the context of Polish population data. The study was performed in a group of 112 patients with APS and healthy subjects to assess the distribution of HLA-DRB1 alleles in patients with APS and their association with clinical characteristics of patients with APS-antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) presence and disease activity/damage indexes. The distribution of HLA-DRB1 alleles showed significant differences between patients with APS and healthy subjects. Allelic variant HLA-DRB1<i>⁣</i> ^<i>∗</i> 1.15 was identified as risk alleles for APS observed in patients with APS (odds ratio (OR): 2.06 (1.27, 3.23), <i>p</i>=0, 004), while HLA-DRB1<i>⁣</i> ^<i>∗</i> 1.07 showed significant protective association (OR: 0.37 (0.14-0.76), <i>p</i>=0, 006). In subgroup of patients with coexisting SLE allelic variants above were not identified as risk or protective, while protective association was described for HLA-DRB1<i>⁣</i> ^<i>∗</i> 01, but not for patients in primary APS group. Presence of antibodies anti-<i>β</i> ₂-glycoprotein-I (a<i>β</i> ₂GPI) IgA and against domain 1, anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin (aPS/PT) and anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) IgA all the antibodies which were negatively associated with HLA-DRB1<i>⁣</i> ^<i>∗</i> 15.01 carriers, what was reported for the first time may be suitable in discussion about value of these antibodies in practice and scientific research. This study clearly shows that primary APS has a distinct HLA-DRB1 associations as compared with SLE with a strong positive association with HLA-DRB1<i>⁣</i> ^<i>∗</i> 15.01 allele and a protective association with HLA-DRB1<i>⁣</i> ^<i>∗</i> 07.01.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2827348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11957857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}