Journal of Immunology Research最新文献

{"title":"RETRACTION: Glycyrrhizin Attenuates Toll Like Receptor-2, -4 and Experimental Vasospasm in a Rat Model.","authors":"Journal Of Immunology Research","doi":"10.1155/jimr/9817675","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/9817675","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e9817675"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147433426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-HIV Serological Profiles and Concordance of Chemiluminescent Immunoassay Screening With a Supplemental Rapid Test Among Blood Donors in Côte d'Ivoire.","authors":"M'boh Epi Reine Elisabeth N Gou, Mamadou Yassongui Sekongo, Saydou Kabore, Nardianhio Soro, Natacha Fleur Nenelou, Liliane Siransy, Bamory Dembele","doi":"10.1155/jimr/4683550","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/4683550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>HIV screening by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) enables the simultaneous detection of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1/2 antibodies (Abs) and the p24 antigen (Ag), ensuring high sensitivity and specificity. Viral typing is essential for the clinical follow-up of seropositive blood donors. This study aimed to identify anti-HIV Ab profiles among blood donors who tested positive by CLIA and to assess the concordance between CLIA screening and supplemental rapid testing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive study was conducted at the Regional Blood Transfusion Center of Bouaké from November 2024 to February 2026. Blood donors were screened for HIV using two CLIA platforms (MAGLUMI and MACCURA). The testing algorithm consisted of CLIA screening, followed by HIV Bioline rapid testing for serological typing and a follow-up test on a new blood sample. CLIA-reactive samples were classified as concordant reactive when confirmed by the HIV Bioline test and as presumed false positives when the initial CLIA-reactive result was not confirmed by HIV Bioline and became non-reactive on repeat CLIA testing on a new sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 21,643 blood donors screened, 79 (0.37%) were reactive by CLIA. A male predominance was observed (sex ratio: 2.8). The mean age was 33.9 years in men and 31 years in women. Of these, 44/79 (55.7%) were classified as concordant reactive, 19/79 (24.1%) as presumed false positives, and 16/79 (20.2%) as indeterminate (CLIA-reactive but HIV Bioline-negative pending follow-up). Among the confirmed reactive samples, 34 (43.0%) were infected with HIV-1, 1 (1.3%) with HIV-2, and 9 (11.4%) had HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infection. Two cases of hepatitis B co-infection were also identified. The MAGLUMI assay showed a specificity of 99.93%, a proportion of concordant reactive results of 77.5%, and a presumed false-positive rate of 0.07%, whereas the MACCURA assay showed a specificity of 99.87%, a concordance of 65%, and a presumed false-positive rate of 0.13%. Signal-to-cutoff (S/CO) ratios were higher in concordant reactive samples (1.89-500) than in presumed false-positive samples (1.03-11.56).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite their high performance, CLIA assays require confirmatory testing to determine the HIV type (HIV-1 or HIV-2), reduce false-positive results, and ensure a reliable diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e4683550"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress on the Mechanism of Ginsenoside Rg1 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.","authors":"Dandan Liang, Shaolei Yang, Dehuai Jing, Guangxi Zhou, Fengqin Zhu","doi":"10.1155/jimr/9743121","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/9743121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder, has witnessed a rising incidence globally. At present, the primary therapeutic approaches for IBD, such as aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biologics, often entail notable side effects and limited efficacy. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), particularly ginsenosides, have shown promise in the treatment of IBD. Ginsenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1), a characteristic constituent of ginsenosides, exerts a therapeutic impact on IBD. This review primarily elaborates on how G-Rg1 can restore the equilibrium of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors within the intestinal milieu. It achieves this by modifying the structure and metabolism of the intestinal flora, reorganizing the tight junction proteins of the intestinal barrier, and regulating the interplay between signaling pathways and immune cells, ultimately attaining the effect of alleviating IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e9743121"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148042139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress on Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance Induced by Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Chronic HBV Infection.","authors":"Li Wang","doi":"10.1155/jimr/6923534","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/6923534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sustained elevation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) facilitates the progression of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) pathogenesis, and initiates and sustains host immune tolerance. Immune tolerance is a major factor contributing to viral persistence and viral clearance failure. HBsAg exerts regulatory effects on innate defenses and adaptive responses, limiting the activity of dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes/macrophages, T lymphocytes, and B cells. Furthermore, it fosters a tolerogenic environment via interconnected regulatory cell networks, immune checkpoint molecules, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. HBsAg can enhance the intrahepatic immune-tolerant (IT) microenvironment by downregulating costimulatory molecules and promoting the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines by intrahepatic nonparenchymal cells. This review systematically summarizes how HBsAg interferes with immune cell function and signaling pathways to establish a tolerogenic environment. We also cover recent progress in treatments that target HBsAg-induced immune tolerance. This review establishes a solid theoretical foundation and identifies new therapeutic approaches that can break tolerance to achieve a functional cure for chronic hepatitis B (CHB).</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e6923534"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13613434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149039132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coordination Between Treg Cells and Bifidobacterium in the Immune-Bacterial Network of Human Colostrum.","authors":"Mextli Y Bermejo-Haro, Graciela Hernández-Peláez, Ivonne J Álvarez-Peña, Alma Herrera-Salazar, Diana Sarahi De la Merced-García, Anayansi Molina-Hernández, Carlos Domínguez-Vanegas, Jonatan A Mendoza-Ortega, Rodrigo T Camacho-Pacheco, M Angel Najera-Hernandez, M Fernanda Aguilar-Dueñas, Libier Cabrera-Rivera, Edna Basilio-Gálvez, Diana Soriano-Becerril, Noemí Plazola-Camacho, Ricardo Figueroa-Damián, Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez, Ismael Mancilla-Herrera","doi":"10.1155/jimr/8677501","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/8677501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast milk is the primary source of nutrients, bacterial, and defensive elements, which are required for infants in their first years of life. Colostrum, the first stage of breast milk, contains abundant levels of antibodies, lymphocytes, and commensal bacteria. The affinity, phenotype, and diversity of these components resemble those found in maternal enteric mucosa, suggesting that the enteromammary pathway facilitates their transport. In the gut, commensal bacteria, IgA, and regulatory T cells (Treg) are interrelated in maintaining immune tolerance and defense, leading us to hypothesize that similar correlations may exist in colostrum. In this study, we present a descriptive analysis of 33 colostrum samples collected from healthy women. DNA from Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus was quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Immunoglobulin isotypes and cytokines were measured using multiplex immunoassays, and the Treg cell frequencies were determined by flow cytometry. Correlation tests and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate these associations. The results showed that Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, common bacteria found on the skin and predominantly in breast milk, were not significantly associated with immunoglobulins or Treg cells. Interestingly, Bifidobacterium, but not Lactobacillus or Enterococcus, showed a positive correlation with Treg cells. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, neither Treg cells or Bifidobacterium were negatively correlated with antibodies. These findings suggest a potential association between Treg cells and specific commensal bacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium, that appears to be independent of immunoglobulins. This cellular microbial interaction could be involved in neonatal gut colonization, immune tolerance, and early immune responses to antigenic challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e8677501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13287830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148301577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Developments in Macrophages Imbalance and Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion.","authors":"Yi Xiao, Fan-Yu Zeng, Jin-Song Liu, Feng Zhao, Jing-Li Sun","doi":"10.1155/jimr/8862057","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/8862057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), defined as two or more consecutive pregnancy losses, remains a significant clinical challenge in reproductive medicine. One of the primary reasons of RSA is abnormal immunological circumstances at the interaction between mother and fetus. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of immune dysregulation, particularly involving macrophages, in the pathogenesis of RSA. Macrophages, key immune cells in the decidua, exhibit phenotypic plasticity and can polarize into pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 subtypes, thereby influencing trophoblast invasion, placental development, and immune tolerance. How the immune system's macrophages balance impacts an embryo's development is therefore essential to study. This review elaborates on the mechanisms by which alterations in transcription factors, signaling pathways, cytokine profiles, epigenetic status, and metabolic reprogramming contribute to pregnancy loss. Such aberrations predominantly drive the polarization shift toward the M1 macrophage phenotype, characterized by an elevated M1/M2 ratio. This imbalance triggers excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, impairs trophoblast invasion, and disrupts placental angiogenesis, thereby ultimately inducing adverse pregnancy outcomes and spontaneous abortion. By integrating findings from human studies and animal models, this review aims to provide insights into the immune mechanisms underlying RSA and highlights future research directions for improving clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e8862057"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148579084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Short Production Cycle and Nongenotoxic mRNA-Based CAR-T Cells Targeting CD19-Positive and CD22-Positive Malignancies.","authors":"Chenyun Zhang, Haizhou Liu, Hrithik Sangani, David Jin, Yen-Michael S Hsu","doi":"10.1155/jimr/9452254","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/9452254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy targeting cluster of differentiation 19 (CD19)-positive malignancies has shown considerable efficacy in clinical settings. However, the potential genotoxicity of viral-based CAR-T therapy, their considerable manufacturing cycle and high costs, prompts questions about its safety and leads to limitations in clinical application. Aiming to explore a safe, efficient, and low-cost mRNA-based CAR-T therapy, we characterize a nonviral, mRNA-based approach utilizing a current good manufacturing practice (cGMP)-compatible electroporation (EP) platform to generate anti-CD19, anti-CD22, and tandem anti-CD19/CD22 CAR-T products with a turn-around time of less than 48 h. The protocol yields a more than 90% cellular viability with a CAR expression of exceeding 60% within the 24 h of transfection. The mRNA-based CAR-T products have a significantly enhanced T cell activation profile with CD69 upregulation, production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and Granzyme B, and higher Ki67 expression level. Robust in vitro tumor neutralization by the mRNA-based CAR-T was observed compared to control. Interestingly, we have observed that the short-term cell cryopreservation after EP resulted in a 50% reduction of cellular expansion. However, the cryopreservation and thaw did not have an observed negative impact on the in vitro tumor neutralization. Lastly, we have evaluated the metabolic activity of the mRNA-based CAR-T products, which has a clearly inducible and significant increase in basal respiration (by 60%) and a 2-fold spare respiratory capacity (SRC) upon exposure with the antigen positive target cells. We believe this approach holds promise as a viable alternative that addresses the limitations of current CAR-T therapies, offering a potential solution for future nonviral CAR-T clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e9452254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Analysis of Peripheral Immune Signatures and Diagnostic Model Construction in Patients With Uterine Fibroids.","authors":"Pei-Xian Li, Si-Fei Yu, Yu-Bin Han, Xiao-Hong Zhu, Kai-Rong Lin","doi":"10.1155/jimr/9688793","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/9688793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To systematically characterize the peripheral immune signature of uterine fibroids (UFs) and to develop a diagnostic model for differentiating UF patients from healthy individuals, thereby providing new insights into UF immunopathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed multiparametric flow cytometry analysis on peripheral blood samples from 31 UF patients and 63 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). A total of 70 immune parameters were evaluated, encompassing T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cells, and their functional subsets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comprehensive immunophenotyping revealed a distinct peripheral immune profile in UF patients. Key findings included a significant dysregulation within helper T (Th) cell compartments, characterized by elevated frequencies of functional Th and Th17 cells, alongside reduced proportions of senescent Th, T follicular helper 1 (Tfh1), and peripheral Th (Tph) cells. Concurrently, a significant expansion of the B cell compartment was observed, marked by increased total B cells, naïve B cells, immature regulatory B cells (Breg), and transformed B cells. In contrast, the frequencies and functional subsets of cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, γδ T cells, and NK cells showed no significant alterations after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. A random forest (RF) model incorporating key immune markers effectively discriminated UF patients from HCs, identifying several markers as central features with both diagnostic and mechanistic relevance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study presents the first systematic atlas of the peripheral immune landscape in UF, revealing a pattern of systemic immune dysregulation centered on Th and B cell pathways. These findings advance our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of UF and establish a foundation for future immune-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e9688793"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147433348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Circulating Follicular Helper and Regulatory T-Cell Memory Induced by mRNA, Inactivated, and Live-Attenuated Vaccines.","authors":"A China, A Rahman, L Hani, M Kumamoto, Mathieu Surenaud, C Tcherakian, V Godot, T Nogimori, J D Lelièvre, Y Levy, F Tangy, T Yamamoto, N Seddiki","doi":"10.1155/jimr/2293380","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/2293380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>OX40 signaling promotes the differentiation of memory CD4⁺ T cells into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that support germinal center (GC) B-cell responses. Using an extended activation-induced marker (AIM) assay based on OX40 (CD134) and CD25 coexpression, we quantified antigen-specific circulating memory Tfh and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells following in vitro stimulation with influenza, SARS-CoV-2, or measles antigens. Responses were assessed longitudinally in recipients of inactivated influenza (n = 20) and mRNA COVID-19 (n = 13) vaccines and cross-sectionally in individuals vaccinated with the live-attenuated measles vaccine (n = 8). All three vaccines elicited humoral responses. Functional assays, performed when sufficient cell numbers were available, showed that sorted influenza-specific Tfh cells (OX40⁺CD25⁺CXCR5⁺), cocultured with autologous CD27⁺CD19⁺ memory B cells, promoted B-cell expansion and antibody secretion. This was accompanied by increased CXCL13, IL-21, soluble CD40L, and APRIL, consistent with effective T-cell help and B-cell activation. Comparative analyses revealed distinct patterns of follicular immune responses: influenza vaccination induced coordinated Tfh and Tfr responses, whereas mRNA COVID-19 vaccination generated increased Tfh but minimal Tfr cells. At peak response, measles and influenza vaccinees exhibited comparable Tfh and Tfr frequencies, while COVID-19 vaccinees showed similar Tfh but reduced Tfr proportions. Overall, the extended AIM assay represents a practical and minimally invasive approach for simultaneous monitoring of Tfh and Tfr populations in humans, providing a scalable framework to investigate follicular immune balance across vaccination settings. Beyond enabling sensitive detection of antigen-specific memory responses, this approach highlights the importance of assessing both helper and regulatory follicular compartments to better understand vaccine-induced immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e2293380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342843/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proportion, Function, and Generation of Dual Receptor Lymphocytes.","authors":"Qi Peng, Lanwei Zhu, XiaoPing Lu, Xinsheng Yao","doi":"10.1155/jimr/5510858","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jimr/5510858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The specific immune response mechanisms of B cells and T cells are centered on the classic clonal selection theory, which posits that \"a single lymphocyte expresses only one type of antigen receptor.\" This mechanism is primarily achieved through V(D)J allelic exclusion rearrangement on germline chromosomes and rigorous self-tolerance selection. However, accumulating experimental evidence indicates that phenomena such as incomplete allelic exclusion rearrangement (i.e., allelic inclusion rearrangement), escape from central tolerance selection, and peripheral immune receptor editing can induce the generation of dual-receptor lymphocytes, including \"dual-BCR B cells,\" \"dual-TCR T cells,\" and \"TCR⁺BCR⁺ lymphocytes.\" This article systematically reviews the research overview and recent advances in dual-receptor lymphocytes in humans and mice under physiological and pathological conditions. By integrating theoretical model construction and validation results from immune molecular monitoring techniques, it emphasizes the proportional characteristics, biological effects, and possible origins of dual-receptor lymphocytes. It also explores their association with disease development, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and novel research perspectives for in-depth studies in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":15952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Immunology Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e5510858"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147433296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}