Human neurobiology最新文献_第8页

Learning by statistical cooperation of self-interested neuron-like computing elements. 自利类神经元计算元素的统计合作学习。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01

A G Barto

{"title":"Learning by statistical cooperation of self-interested neuron-like computing elements.","authors":"A G Barto","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Since the usual approaches to cooperative computation in networks of neuron-like computating elements do not assume that network components have any \"preferences\", they do not make substantive contact with game theoretic concepts, despite their use of some of the same terminology. In the approach presented here, however, each network component, or adaptive element, is a self-interested agent that prefers some inputs over others and \"works\" toward obtaining the most highly preferred inputs. Here we describe an adaptive element that is robust enough to learn to cooperate with other elements like itself in order to further its self-interests. It is argued that some of the longstanding problems concerning adaptation and learning by networks might be solvable by this form of cooperativity, and computer simulation experiments are described that show how networks of self-interested components that are sufficiently robust can solve rather difficult learning problems. We then place the approach in its proper historical and theoretical perspective through comparison with a number of related algorithms. A secondary aim of this article is to suggest that beyond what is explicitly illustrated here, there is a wealth of ideas from game theory and allied disciplines such as mathematical economics that can be of use in thinking about cooperative computation in both nervous systems and man-made systems.","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"4 4","pages":"229-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15033125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trigger activation of the paradoxical salivatory response to atropine in the parasympathetically denervated human parotid gland. 触发激活对阿托品在副交感神经去神经人腮腺的矛盾的唾液反应。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01

S L Levin

{"title":"Trigger activation of the paradoxical salivatory response to atropine in the parasympathetically denervated human parotid gland.","authors":"S L Levin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes a specific intermediate condition of the response to atropine during the 2nd stage of denervation of the human parotid gland. Of the entire cohort of 110 subjects, some 20 subjects have been observed systematically. They demonstrated an extremely intense atropine salivation that followed an additional trigger activation, namely food or acid irritation of the mouth mucosa. The initial phase of such a stimulation was characterized by a sharp, explosive increase in secretion. The following conclusions have been inferred: (1) in the 2nd stage of parasympathetic denervation of the human parotid gland, there emerges a specific intermediate condition of 'readiness' for an extremely intense paradoxical salivatory response to atropine and other cholinolytics; (2) the pre-start 'readiness' state may be activated by means of adding a trigger signal followed by an explosive occurrence of abundant secretion; (3) only food or acid irritation, even to a minimal extent, of the mouth cavity may serve a specific trigger signal; (4) a stable state of this trigger readiness has been observed in 20 subjects for years, while in other subjects it has been observed as a transitory event between the 1st and the 3rd stages of denervation and during the regression of symptoms in the rehabilitation period; (5) suggestions have been made concerning the trigger activation mechanism of the atropine salivatory paradox and the evolutionary, model and clinical significance of the events described.","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"4 2","pages":"115-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15142698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Eye movements in relation to loss and regaining of fusion of disjunctively moving random-dot stereograms. 眼动与分离移动随机点立体图融合的丧失和恢复有关。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01

C J Erkelens, H Collewijn

引用次数: 0

Shifts in selective visual attention: towards the underlying neural circuitry. 选择性视觉注意的转移:朝向潜在的神经回路。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3833-5_5

C. Koch, S. Ullman

引用次数: 4116

Effect of benzodiazepine hypnotics on all-night sleep EEG spectra. 苯二氮卓类催眠药对夜间睡眠脑电图谱的影响。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01

A A Borbély, P Mattmann, M Loepfe, I Strauch, D Lehmann

{"title":"Effect of benzodiazepine hypnotics on all-night sleep EEG spectra.","authors":"A A Borbély, P Mattmann, M Loepfe, I Strauch, D Lehmann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of a single, oral bedtime dose of the benzodiazepine hypnotics flunitrazepam (FR; 2 mg), flurazepam (FR; 30 mg), and triazolam (TR; 0.5 mg) on the sleep stages and the sleep EEG was investigated in eight healthy, young subjects. In comparison to the placebo night, all drugs reduced the percentage of stage 1 and REM sleep, increased stage 2, and decreased the number of stage shifts. For FN and FR, some of these changes persisted in the postdrug night. All-night spectral analysis of the EEG showed a reduction of low-frequency activity (0.25-10.0 Hz) in stages 2, 3 + 4 and REM sleep, changes that persisted for all three drugs in the post-drug night. In the drug nights, activity in the spindle frequency range (11-14 Hz) was enhanced particularly in stage 2 and 3 + 4, activity in the high frequency range (17-25 Hz) particularly in REM sleep and stage 1. In the first third of the drug night, the depression of low-frequency activity in stage 2 was either absent (FR) or less prominent (FN, TR) than in the following part of the night. The results demonstrate that benzodiazepine hypnotics induce specific changes in the EEG spectra which reflect the immediate and residual drug effects more sensitively than conventional sleep scores.","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"4 3","pages":"189-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14003152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Brain theory and cooperative computation. 脑理论与协同计算。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01

M A Arbib

引用次数: 0

Insulin-like immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal-fluid is independent of insulin blood levels. 人脑脊液中胰岛素样免疫反应性与血胰岛素水平无关。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01

M Reiser, E Lenz, H G Bernstein, A Dorn

引用次数: 0

Left hemispheric functional compensation in prosopagnosia? A tachistoscopic study with unilaterally lesioned patients. 左半球功能代偿在面孔失认症中的作用?单侧病变患者的触诊镜研究。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01

L Christen, T Landis, M Regard

引用次数: 0

Comments on time in action and perception. 对行动和感知中的时间的评论。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01

R Granit

引用次数: 0

Time, space and value. 时间、空间和价值。

Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01

J Garcia, M D Holder

{"title":"Time, space and value.","authors":"J Garcia, M D Holder","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of animals to associate stimuli depends on whether the stimuli are processed by the cognitive system or the affective system. Historically, a distinction was made between \"thinking\" and \"feeling\" by the empirical philosophers of the Renaissance. Recent evidence indicates that cognition and affect can be fruitfully applied to animal research. When animals are required to search an external environment for hidden food baits, they display an objective mastery of time and space as if they have acquired a \"cognitive map\" of the test area. Tests of an animal's ability to span the time between two external events yield intervals which can best be measured in seconds or fractions thereof. When animals consume a food, the affective value of that food is adjusted according to its utility in the internal milieu. If the food is nutritious, visceral feedback raises the preference value of the food. If nausea ensues, the taste becomes disgusting. Tests of an animal's ability to span the time between eating and nausea yield intervals which can best be described in hours or fractions thereof. Cognitive and affective processes are qualitatively distinct and subserved by different neural systems, yet they are both essential for associative learning. We offer a theoretical scheme designed to weld the two components into a single unitary sequence.","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"4 2","pages":"81-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15012555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0