Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger最新文献

{"title":"Geometric morphometric anatomy of the lacrimal punctum in normal population: Punctum update (PUP) study – Paper 5","authors":"Emmanuel Lee Boniao ,&nbsp;Mark Anthony Torres ,&nbsp;Nandini Bothra ,&nbsp;Pragya Saini ,&nbsp;Alexander Gungab ,&nbsp;Blanche Xiao Hong Lim ,&nbsp;Gangadhara Sundar ,&nbsp;Mohammad Javed Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>To investigate the geometric morphological differences of the lacrimal punctum by analyzing its shape in relation to age and sex in a normal population.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>960 high-magnification slit-lamp images were obtained from 320 puncta of normal asymptomatic Indian individuals across eight decades of life. Using advanced geometric morphometric techniques, including Elliptic Fourier Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, the intricate details of the lacrimal punctum's shape in a diverse population sample were categorized by age and sex. High-resolution images of the lacrimal punctum underwent standardization for scale and orientation, followed by precise landmark identification and coordinate data extraction.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The geometric morphometry of the lacrimal punctum shows significant changes as one ages. However, the gender differences, in isolation, without consideration of age, remain subtle and are not pronounced. Interestingly, detailed Principal Component scores analysis revealed potential sex- and age-related variations specifically for the left and right lower puncta, which warrant further investigation. These changes could reflect unique aging changes in the proximal lacrimal drainage system.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The study is a starting point for geometric morphometric analysis of the lacrimal punctum and provides valuable insights into the punctal changes in size, orientation, and overall morphology across different age groups and between sexes. These findings highlight the significance of considering individual age-wise anatomical variations to better understand the lacrimal punctum.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 152274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140915864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular detection of lacrimal apparatus and ocular surface - related ABC transporter genes","authors":"Benedikt Kleinsasser ,&nbsp;Fabian Garreis ,&nbsp;Maximilian Musialik ,&nbsp;Ingrid Zahn ,&nbsp;Barbara Kral ,&nbsp;Zeynep Kutlu ,&nbsp;Afsun Sahin ,&nbsp;Friedrich Paulsen ,&nbsp;Martin Schicht","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ocular system is in constant interaction with the environment and with numerous pathogens. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent one of the largest groups among the transmembrane proteins. Their relevance has been demonstrated for their defense function against biotic and abiotic stress factors, for metabolic processes in tumors and for their importance in the development of resistance to drugs. The aim of this study was to analyze which ABC transporters are expressed at the ocular surface and in the human lacrimal apparatus. Using RT-PCR, all ABC transporters known to date in humans were examined in tissue samples from human cornea, conjunctiva, meibomian glands and lacrimal glands. The RT-PCR analyses revealed the presence of all ABC transporters in the samples examined, although the results for some of the 48 transporters known in human and analyzed were different in the various tissues. The present results provide information on the expression of ABC transporters at the mRNA level on the ocular surface and in the lacrimal system. Their detection forms the basis for follow-up studies at the protein level, which will provide more information about their physiological significance at the ocular surface and in the lacrimal system and which may explain pathological effects such as drug resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 152272"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224000645/pdfft?md5=5ae0c7c495bf1cd5c47842b8b46c8347&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224000645-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140870494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subdiaphragmatic phrenic nerve supply: A systematic review","authors":"María Pérez-Montalbán ,&nbsp;Encarna García-Domínguez ,&nbsp;Ángel Oliva-Pascual-Vaca","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The aim of this systematic review is to study the subdiaphragmatic anatomy of the phrenic nerve.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>A computerised systematic search of the Web of Science database was conducted. The key terms used were phrenic nerve, subdiaphragmat*, esophag*, liver, stomach, pancre*, duoden*, intestin*, bowel, gangli*, biliar*, Oddi, gallbladder, peritone*, spleen, splenic, hepat*, Glisson, falciform, coronary ligament, kidney, suprarenal, and adrenal. The ‘cited-by’ articles were also reviewed to ensure that all appropriate studies were included.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of one thousand three hundred and thirty articles were found, of which eighteen met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Quality Appraisal for Cadaveric Studies scale revealed substantial to excellent methodological quality of human studies, while a modified version of the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation Risk of Bias Tool denoted poor methodological quality of animal studies. According to human studies, phrenic supply has been demonstrated for the gastro-esophageal junction, stomach, celiac ganglia, liver and its coronary ligament, inferior vena cava, gallbladder and adrenal glands, with half of the human samples studied presenting phrenic nerve connections with any subdiaphragmatic structure.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This review provides the first systematic evidence of subdiaphragmatic phrenic nerve supply and connections. This is of interest to professionals who care for people suffering from neck and shoulder pain, as well as patients with peridiaphragmatic disorders or hiccups. However, there are controversies about the autonomic or sensory nature of this supply.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152269"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S094096022400061X/pdfft?md5=15266be83032c607a8b4e873408247f7&pid=1-s2.0-S094096022400061X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140825239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-sectional study of the anatomy of the jaws of a central-European caucasian population using cone beam computer tomography as a prerequisite for designing pre-formed calcium phosphate cement scaffolds","authors":"Jan Matschke ,&nbsp;Samaneh Farahzadi ,&nbsp;Philipp Sembdner ,&nbsp;Stefan Holtzhausen ,&nbsp;Lysann Kroschwald ,&nbsp;Paula Korn ,&nbsp;Tom Alexander Schröder ,&nbsp;Christiane Keil ,&nbsp;Kristin Paetzold-Byhain ,&nbsp;Günter Lauer ,&nbsp;Adrian Franke","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aims to measure the cortical and cancellous bone thickness in the upper and lower jaws, serving as a data template for developing pre-defined calcium phosphate cement primary implant forms. These measurements are crucial for creating a biphasic scaffold.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Forty complete jaws were assessed for cortical bone shape and thickness using statistical analysis and specific software tools. Sex and age were considered, and four groups were created.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The cumulative thickness of the cortical layer varied from region to region. In both the upper and lower jaws, the cortical layer in the molar region was significantly thicker than in the frontal region. Within the alveolar process, cortical thickness increases with distance from the alveolar crest on both sides. The oral side of the lower jaw is significantly thicker than the vestibular side. For the upper jaw, no significant differences between the oral and vestibular sides were found in this study. Additionally, it is noteworthy that men have a significantly thicker cortical layer than women. Regarding age, no significant overall differences were found.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Mathematical analysis of anatomical forms using polynomial functions improves understanding of jaw anatomy. This approach facilitates the design of patient-specific scaffold structures, minimizing the need for costly and time-consuming planning and enabling more efficient implementation of optimal therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224000621/pdfft?md5=ac898aa0f92d5ab3dd280339c845aff4&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224000621-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140813102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical anatomy of the human Achilles subtendons twist - meta-analysis","authors":"Dominik P. Łazarz ,&nbsp;Alicia del Carmen Yika ,&nbsp;Jakub R. Pękala ,&nbsp;Jerzy A. Walocha ,&nbsp;Przemysław A. Pękala","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aimed to provide a comprehensive and current overview of the anatomy of the Achilles tendon (AT) twisted structure, as there is a discrepancy in the literature regarding its rotating morphology.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>An extensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases to identify all studies that reported relevant data on the AT torsion, with no date or language restrictions applied. Data was extracted and assessed for this meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of the included articles was examined using the anatomical quality assessment (AQUA) tool.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Seven articles (n=690 limbs) were pooled into this meta-analysis. The prevalence of Achilles tendon torsion types was as follows: type II was the most common (46.7%, 95% CI: 31.6–60.9%), followed by type I (44.7%, 95% CI: 29.8–59.0%), and least commonly, type III (8.6%, 95% CI: 1.8–18.8%). Additionally, morphometric analysis, utilizing the method described by van Gils et al., revealed a mean Achilles tendon torsion of 46.5° (95% CI: 25.1–67.9°).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This meta-analysis underscores the prominent and variable twist within the Achilles tendon among individuals, emphasizing the inherent diversity in AT morphology. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of considering torsion angle as a potential factor influencing AT pathologies and biomechanical function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224000633/pdfft?md5=929af1a7ac9ba68d5cd953084b780d97&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224000633-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140770995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Internal vascular anatomy of the human lacrimal gland: A protocol based on cadaver dissection and three-dimensional micro-computed tomography” [Ann. Anat. 252 (2024) 152207]","authors":"Swati Singh ,&nbsp;Prakshi Chopra ,&nbsp;Fabian Necker ,&nbsp;Michael Scholz ,&nbsp;Anna-Maria Liphardt ,&nbsp;Louis Schuster ,&nbsp;Friedrich Paulsen ,&nbsp;Lars Bräuer","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152265","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224000578/pdfft?md5=a272bef0e8894b9c796f1f202b8fe7fb&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224000578-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140632531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of the complex comprising the masticatory fascia, disc, and capsule to temporomandibular joint stabilization: An anatomical study","authors":"Keiko Fukino ,&nbsp;Masahiro Tsutsumi ,&nbsp;Eiichi Honda ,&nbsp;Akimoto Nimura ,&nbsp;Joe Iwanaga ,&nbsp;Keiichi Akita","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Anterior displacement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is the most typical pathological condition of TMJ disorders. Structures attached to the articular disc may support the disc in various directions and contribute to stabilizing the TMJ. However, the relationship between the articular disc, capsule, and masticatory muscles remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between the masticatory muscles, related masticatory fascia, articular disc, and capsule.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We examined 10 halves from adult Japanese cadavers, with five halves macroscopically analyzed and the remaining five histologically analyzed. The TMJ was dissected from the lateral aspect for gross anatomical analysis. For histological analysis, the relationship between the temporal and masseteric fasciae and the articular capsule was observed in the coronal section. Additionally, we evaluated relationships among the disc, capsule, temporal fascia, and masseteric fascia in 10 living and healthy volunteers using magnetic resonance imaging.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The articular disc was attached to the capsule without a clear border. The capsule continued into the masseteric and temporal fasciae. Consequently, the articular disc, capsule, masseteric, and temporal fasciae were considered a single complex.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The single complex of the temporalis, masseter, capsule, masticatory fascia, and disc may antagonize the force in the posterolateral direction through the fascia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140771033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital smart internal fixation surgery for coronal process basal fracture with normal joint spaces or radius-shortening: Occult factor of radius-ulna load sharing","authors":"Kaiyan Xing ,&nbsp;Guirong Tan ,&nbsp;Linshuo Ying ,&nbsp;Hao Ye ,&nbsp;Tingyang Xing ,&nbsp;Lei Chen ,&nbsp;Fangjia Yang ,&nbsp;Tianjie Liang ,&nbsp;Lingzhi Gu ,&nbsp;Xin Xie ,&nbsp;Renbo Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Yingze Zhang ,&nbsp;Lijun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Reasonable postoperative humeroradial and humeroulnar joint spaces maybe an important indicator in biomechanical stability of smart internal fixation surgery for coronoid process basal fractures (CPBF). The aim of this study is to compare elbow articular stresses and elbow-forearm stability under smart internal fixations for the CPBF between normal elbow joint spaces and radius-shortening, and to determine the occult factor of radius-ulna load sharing.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>CT images of 70 volunteers with intact elbow joints were retrospectively collected for accurate three-dimensional reconstruction to measure the longitudinal and transverse joint spaces. Two groups of ten finite element (FE) models were established prospectively between normal joint space and radius-shortening with 2.0 mm, including intact elbow joint and forearm, elbow-forearm with CPBF trauma, anterior or posterior double screws-cancellous bone fixation, mini-plate-cancellous bone fixation. Three sets of physiological loads (compression, valgus, varus) were used for FE intelligent calculation, FE model verification, and biomechanical and motion analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The stress distribution between coronoid process and radial head, compression displacements and valgus angles of elbow-forearm in the three smart fixation models of the normal joint spaces were close to those of corresponding intact elbow model, but were significantly different from those of preoperative CPBF models and fixed radius-shortening models. The maximum stresses of three smart fixation instrument models of normal joint spaces were significantly smaller than those of the corresponding fixed radius-shortening models.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>On the basis of the existing trauma of the elbow-forearm system in clinical practice, which is a dominant factor affecting radius-ulna load sharing, the elbow joint longitudinal space has been found to be the occult factor affecting radius-ulna load sharing. The stability and load sharing of radius and ulna after three kinds of smart fixations of the CPBF is not only related to the anatomical and biomechanical stability principles of smart internal fixations, but also closely related to postoperative elbow joint longitudinal space.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140643558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fasting duration impacts ribosome protein 6 phosphorylation in zebrafish brain: New insights in aquatic organisms’ welfare","authors":"Maria Raggio ,&nbsp;Daniela Giaquinto ,&nbsp;Chiara Attanasio ,&nbsp;Antonio Palladino ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Esposito ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Radaelli ,&nbsp;Elena De Felice ,&nbsp;Paolo de Girolamo ,&nbsp;Livia D’Angelo","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Short- or mid-term fasting, full or partial, triggers metabolic response known to have in turn health effects in an organism. At central level, the metabolic stimulus triggered by fasting is known to be perceived firstly by hypothalamic neurons.</p><p>In the field of neuroscience, ribosomal protein S6 (S6) phosphorylation is commonly used as a readout of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling activation or as a marker for neuronal activity. The aim of this study is addressed to evaluate whether the phosphorylation of S6 occurs in the central neurons of zebrafish exposed to four (short-term) and seven (mid-term) days of complete fasting.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Group-housed adult zebrafish were exposed to four and seven days of complete food withdrawal. At the end of the experimental period, Western blotting analyses were carried out to measure the expression levels of the phosphorylated S6 (pS6) by comparing the two experimental conditions versus the control group. The same antibody was then used to identify the distribution pattern of pS6 immunoreactive neurons in the whole brain and in the taste buds.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We did not observe increased pS6 levels expression in the brain of animals exposed to short-term fasting compared to the control, whereas the expression increased in brain homogenates of animals exposed to mid-term fasting. pS6 immunoreactivity was reported in some hypothalamic neurons, as well as in the dorsal area of telencephalon and preoptic area, a neurosecretory region homolog to the mammalian paraventricular nucleus. Remarkably, we observed pS6 immunostaining in the sensory cells of taste buds lining the oral epithelium.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Taken together, our data show that in zebrafish, differently from other fish species, seven days of fasting triggers neuronal activity. Furthermore, the immunostaining on sensory cells of taste buds suggests that metabolic changes may modulate also peripheral sensory cells. This event may have valuable implications when using zebrafish to design metabolic studies involving fasting as well as practical consequences on the animal welfare, in particularly stressful conditions, such as transportation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S094096022400058X/pdfft?md5=ee6ee30aeb9e8ac764e63bf30bbc7c6e&pid=1-s2.0-S094096022400058X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140643559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological variability of the pectoralis minor muscle. Study in human fetuses","authors":"Nicol Zielinska ,&nbsp;Janusz Moryś ,&nbsp;Friedrich Paulsen ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Koptas ,&nbsp;George Triantafyllou ,&nbsp;Maria Piagkou ,&nbsp;Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The pectoralis minor muscle is located in the anterior thoracic wall. Typically, is constituted by a single belly originating from the 3rd to the 5th rib and inserted into the coracoid process near the origins of the biceps brachii shorth head and of the coracobrachialis muscle. The current study, on human fetuses, aims to detect all morphological muscle variants and to create a new classification system.</p></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><p>Classical dissection of the thoracic wall and the upper limb was bilaterally performed on 25 (13 male and 12 female) human formalin-fixed fetuses aged 18–38 weeks of gestation. The spontaneously aborted fetuses were donated after parental consent to the Medical University anatomy program. The pectoralis minor muscle’s morphology, the number of the muscle’s bellies, their origins, and insertions, as well as the morphometric details of each belly of the pectoralis minor, were assessed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The pectoralis minor was bilaterally found in all fetuses (50 cases). Three types of muscle were identified based on the number of muscle bellies. In type, I (typical anatomy), were classified the cases with a single belly (in 66%). This type was divided into two subtypes (Ia and Ib). In the subtype Ia, the single belly had a typical course, and in Ib, a proximal attachment was characterized by two small bellies connecting together and creating one muscular mass. In type II, two bellies (24%), and in type III, three bellies (10%) were identified.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Pectoralis minor is morphologically variable in the number of its bellies, its course, its origins, its insertions, and the location of its proximal attachments. The most common type (typical anatomy) was the type I represented by one belly. Other identified variants in the number of bellies by the present study may be hypothetically a result of prematurely terminated embryogenesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 152264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140632530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}