物理与天体物理最新文献

{"title":"Probing superheavy dark matter through lunar radio observations of ultrahigh-energy neutrinos and the impacts of neutrino cascades","authors":"Saikat Das, Jose Alonso Carpio, Kohta Murase","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.083007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.083007","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrahigh-energy neutrinos (UHE</a:mi>ν</a:mi></a:mrow></a:math>s) can be used as a valuable probe of superheavy dark matter above <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:mo>∼</c:mo><c:msup><c:mn>10</c:mn><c:mn>9</c:mn></c:msup><c:mtext> </c:mtext><c:mtext> </c:mtext><c:mi>GeV</c:mi></c:math>, the latter being difficult to probe with collider and direct detection experiments due to the feebly interacting nature. Searching for radio emissions originating from the interaction of <e:math xmlns:e=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><e:mi>UHE</e:mi><e:mi>ν</e:mi></e:math>s with the lunar regolith enables us to explore energies beyond <g:math xmlns:g=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><g:msup><g:mn>10</g:mn><g:mn>12</g:mn></g:msup><g:mtext> </g:mtext><g:mtext> </g:mtext><g:mi>GeV</g:mi></g:math>, which astrophysical accelerators cannot achieve. Taking into account the interaction of <i:math xmlns:i=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><i:mi>UHE</i:mi><i:mi>ν</i:mi></i:math>s with the cosmic neutrino background and resulting standard neutrino cascades to calculate the neutrino flux on Earth, for the first time, we investigate sensitivities of such lunar radio observations to very heavy dark matter. We also examine the impacts of cosmogenic neutrinos that have the astrophysical origin. We show that the proposed ultralong wavelength lunar radio telescope, as well as the existing low-frequency array, can provide the most stringent constraints on decaying or annihilating superheavy dark matter with masses at <k:math xmlns:k=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><k:mo>≳</k:mo><k:msup><k:mn>10</k:mn><k:mn>12</k:mn></k:msup><k:mtext> </k:mtext><k:mtext> </k:mtext><k:mi>GeV</k:mi></k:math>. The limits are complementary to or even stronger than those from other <m:math xmlns:m=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><m:mi>UHE</m:mi><m:mi>ν</m:mi></m:math> detectors, such as the IceCube-Gen2 radio array and the Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionization effects in single-shot carrier-envelope phase detection with gas-gap devices","authors":"Johannes Blöchl, Maximilian F. Seeger, Hartmut Schröder, Minjie Zhan, Alexander Guggenmos, Thomas Nubbemeyer, Matthias F. Kling, Boris Bergues","doi":"10.1063/5.0246794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0246794","url":null,"abstract":"The carrier-envelope phase (CEP) is a key parameter for attosecond waveform control of ultrashort laser pulses. For laser systems with high repetition rates, however, single-shot CEP detection is still challenging. Building on recent findings on phase detection with electric current generation in gases, we show that with an optimized detection method, a long-term stable single-shot phase detection is feasible. We investigate the achievable performance depending on various parameters such as pulse duration, gas pressure, or incident intensity. The latter exhibits a regime where the saturation of the ionization process boosts the phase sensitivity of the signal, which is elucidated by numerical calculations.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ag-doped capsule-like tungsten oxide with controllable band structure and oxygen vacancy for highly efficient triethylamine sensing","authors":"Hui Liang, Yan Liu, Jiuyu Li, Hu Ma, Ruihua Zhao, Jianping Du","doi":"10.1063/5.0266553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0266553","url":null,"abstract":"The detection and portable monitoring of organic amine is necessary for hazardous substance warning, life, and health. Herein, capsule-like tungsten oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared to detect triethylamine, and the gas-sensing property is further enhanced by adjusting oxygen vacancy and band structure by doping tungsten oxide with Ag NPs. As-prepared nanomaterial consists of well-dispersed nanoparticles with capsule-like shapes. More chemically adsorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancy are formed in Ag-doped tungsten oxide, and bandgap decreases compared with pristine tungsten oxide. The gas-sensing tests show that the optimal Ag-doped tungsten oxide (Ag/WO3) NPs-based sensor exhibits more than six times the response higher than that of pristine tungsten oxide toward 50 ppm triethylamine (TEA) at an optimal temperature of 220 °C, with a detection limit as low as 248 ppb. Notably, fast response and recovery time and anti-interference properties are remarkable, and the two-week stability is also satisfactory, which are superior to reported related materials. For real-time TEA detection, as-prepared Ag/WO3 is proved to be efficient sensing material for portable monitoring applications.","PeriodicalId":8094,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics Letters","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of ferroelectric polarization in Sm-doped BaFe_0.2Ti_0.8O₃ceramics.","authors":"Anumeet Kaur, Arkaprava Das, Trilokchand L Kumavat, Wei-Hsiang Huang, Surbhi Gupta, Joseph Vimal Vas, Chi-Liang Chen, Asokan Kandasami, Deobrat Singh, Yogesh Sonvane","doi":"10.1088/1361-648X/adc52d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-648X/adc52d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We show progressive enhancement in ferroelectric polarization with increasing Sm doping concentration along with retrieving tetragonality from the hexagonal paraelectric phase for Ba_1-<i>x</i>Sm<i>_x</i>Fe_0.2Ti_0.8O₃(BTO) solid solution (<i>x</i>= 0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20). The cooperative off-centering phenomenon due to octahedral distortion promotes interpolar clustering resulting in the formation of polar nano region causing an enhancement in saturation polarization and coercive field with Sm doping. Ferroelectric domain fringes observed in scanning and transmission electron microscopic images indicate the presence of ferroelectric ordering for the highest Sm-doped compound. Formation ofSmBa∘-FeTi'defect complex results in a reduction of oxygen vacancy (V_O) defects which is observed from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The reduction in V_Oimproves the domain switching by domain wall depinning and facilitates the increment in saturation polarization with Sm doping. The x-ray absorption spectra at Ti<i>L</i>_3,2edges show the increase oft2gegratio indicating enhanced Ti 3<i>d-</i>O 2<i>p</i>orbital hybridization which is supported by DFT calculation. This DFT calculation also confers that the increment in Ti 3<i>d</i>/Sm 4<i>d-</i>O 2<i>p</i>orbital hybridization further weakens the short-range repulsion between core orbitals and facilitates the enhancement of saturation polarization.</p>","PeriodicalId":16776,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Phase Topology and Group Index Modifications of THz Vibro-Polaritons in Metasurfaces","authors":"Jie Ji, Amir Mousawi, Joost Scheers, Alaa Jabbar Jumaah, Shihab Al-Daffaie, Jaime Gómez Rivas","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.5c00122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.5c00122","url":null,"abstract":"Strong coupling between molecules and the vacuum field in optical cavities creates hybrid light–matter quantum states known as polaritons, a phenomenon that has garnered significant interest in recent years. Although most studies of strong coupling have focused on the characteristics of intensity spectra, the behavior of the phase of polaritons remains comparatively unexplored. In this work, we employ metasurfaces that support optical modes to couple them strongly with intermolecular vibrations in α-lactose at THz frequencies, forming vibro-polaritons. Using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), we examine this strongly coupled system in both amplitude and phase and use the phase topology as an indicator for such coupling. In addition, we explore the group index in the weak and strong coupling regimes. We observe the decrease in the negative group index associated with the anomalous dispersion of the resonant modes as a function of the coupling strength. This work reveals previously hidden insights into temporal and enhanced light–matter interactions in strongly coupled systems and highlights the relevance of the phase in the analysis of these systems.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of memory-burdened primordial black holes on high-scale leptogenesis","authors":"Roberta Calabrese, Marco Chianese, Ninetta Saviano","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.083008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.083008","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the impact of the backreaction of evaporation on the quantum state of primordial black holes (PBHs), known as “memory burden,” on the baryon asymmetry production in the Universe through high-scale leptogenesis. Focusing on PBH masses ranging from 1 to 1000 g, we investigate the interplay between the nonthermal production of heavy sterile neutrinos and the entropy injection within this nonstandard cosmological framework. By assuming appropriate values for the memory-burden parameters, q</a:mi>=</a:mo>1</a:mn>/</a:mo>2</a:mn></a:math> and <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:mi>k</c:mi><c:mo>=</c:mo><c:mn>1</c:mn></c:math>, we derive mutual exclusion limits between PBHs and thermal leptogenesis in the mixed parameter space. Our analysis reveals that the primary contribution of PBHs to baryon asymmetry stems from entropy injection. Indeed, we find that, different from earlier studies based on the semiclassical Hawking evaporation, the memory-burden effect suppresses the nonthermal source term in the PBH mass range explored. This has significant implications for understanding baryogenesis in such alternative cosmological scenarios. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalous dimensions from conformal field theory: Generalized ϕ2n+1 theories","authors":"Yongwei Guo, Wenliang Li","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.085006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.085006","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate ϕ</a:mi>2</a:mn>n</a:mi>+</a:mo>1</a:mn></a:mrow></a:msup></a:math> deformations of the generalized free theory in the <c:math xmlns:c=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><c:mi>ε</c:mi></c:math> expansion, where the canonical kinetic term is generalized to a higher-derivative version. For <e:math xmlns:e=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><e:mi>n</e:mi><e:mo>=</e:mo><e:mn>1</e:mn></e:math>, we use the conformal multiplet recombination method to determine the leading anomalous dimensions of the fundamental scalar operator <g:math xmlns:g=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><g:mi>ϕ</g:mi></g:math> and the bilinear composite operators <i:math xmlns:i=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><i:mi mathvariant=\"script\">J</i:mi></i:math>. Then, we extend the <l:math xmlns:l=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><l:mi>n</l:mi><l:mo>=</l:mo><l:mn>1</l:mn></l:math> analysis to the Potts model with <n:math xmlns:n=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><n:msub><n:mi>S</n:mi><n:mrow><n:mi>N</n:mi><n:mo>+</n:mo><n:mn>1</n:mn></n:mrow></n:msub></n:math> symmetry and its higher-derivative generalization, in which <p:math xmlns:p=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><p:mi>ϕ</p:mi></p:math> is promoted to an <r:math xmlns:r=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><r:mi>N</r:mi></r:math>-component field. We further examine the Chew-Frautschi plots and their <t:math xmlns:t=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><t:mi>N</t:mi></t:math> dependence. However, for each integer <v:math xmlns:v=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><v:mi>n</v:mi><v:mo>&gt;</v:mo><v:mn>1</v:mn></v:math>, the leading anomalous dimensions of <x:math xmlns:x=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><x:mi>ϕ</x:mi></x:math> and <z:math xmlns:z=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><z:mi mathvariant=\"script\">J</z:mi></z:math> are not fully determined and contain one unconstrained constant, which in the canonical cases can be fixed by the results from the diagrammatic method. In all cases, we verify that the multiplet-recombination results are consistent with crossing symmetry using the analytic bootstrap methods. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-momentum tensor in Φ4 theory at one loop","authors":"Brean Maynard","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.076001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.076001","url":null,"abstract":"The energy-momentum tensor form factors are studied in Φ</a:mi>4</a:mn></a:msup></a:math> theory to one-loop order with particular focus on the <d:math xmlns:d=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><d:mi>D</d:mi></d:math>-term, a particle property which has attracted a lot of attention in the recent literature. It is shown that the free Klein-Gordon theory value of the <f:math xmlns:f=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><f:mi>D</f:mi></f:math>-term <h:math xmlns:h=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><h:mrow><h:msub><h:mrow><h:mi>D</h:mi></h:mrow><h:mrow><h:mi>free</h:mi></h:mrow></h:msub><h:mo>=</h:mo><h:mo>−</h:mo><h:mn>1</h:mn></h:mrow></h:math> is reduced to <j:math xmlns:j=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><j:mrow><j:msub><j:mrow><j:mi>D</j:mi></j:mrow><j:mrow><j:mtext>one-loop</j:mtext></j:mrow></j:msub><j:mo>=</j:mo><j:mo>−</j:mo><j:mfrac><j:mrow><j:mn>1</j:mn></j:mrow><j:mrow><j:mn>3</j:mn></j:mrow></j:mfrac></j:mrow></j:math> even if the <l:math xmlns:l=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><l:msup><l:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Φ</l:mi><l:mn>4</l:mn></l:msup></l:math> interaction is infinitesimally small. A companion work in <o:math xmlns:o=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><o:msup><o:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Φ</o:mi><o:mn>3</o:mn></o:msup></o:math> theory confirms this result which may indicate that it is independent of the type of interaction as long as the scalar theory is renormalizable. Dispersion relations are studied. Various definitions of mean square radii including the mechanical radius are investigated. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the energy momentum tensor properties of particles and their interpretation. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning broken symmetries with approximate invariance","authors":"Seth Nabat, Aishik Ghosh, Edmund Witkowski, Gregor Kasieczka, Daniel Whiteson","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.111.072002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.072002","url":null,"abstract":"Recognizing symmetries in data allows for significant boosts in neural network training, which is especially important where training data are limited. In many cases, however, the exact underlying symmetry is present only in an idealized dataset, and is broken in actual data, due to asymmetries in the detector, or varying response resolution as a function of particle momentum. Standard approaches, such as data augmentation or equivariant networks fail to represent the nature of the full, broken symmetry, effectively overconstraining the response of the neural network. We propose a learning model which balances the generality and asymptotic performance of unconstrained networks with the rapid learning of constrained networks. This is achieved through a dual-subnet structure, where one network is constrained by the symmetry and the other is not, along with a learned symmetry factor. In a simplified toy example that demonstrates violation of Lorentz invariance, our model learns as rapidly as symmetry constrained networks but escapes its performance limitations. <jats:supplementary-material> <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement> <jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year> </jats:permissions> </jats:supplementary-material>","PeriodicalId":20167,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review D","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cluster ion beam irradiation at low energy and surface pattern formation","authors":"J.C. Jiménez-Sáez ,&nbsp;S. Muñoz ,&nbsp;P. Palacios","doi":"10.1016/j.nimb.2025.165707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nimb.2025.165707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ion beam sputtering is a solid-surface nanostructuring procedure. In this work, we are interested in studying the formation of surface patterns during this process. To do this, a Cobalt metal surface is bombarded with clusters at oblique incidence. Cluster bombardment is used since clusters accentuate the effect of surface ripple formation. Two processes explain the effect of pattern formation at the collisional level when diffusion phenomena can be neglected, namely sputtering and atomic redistribution. In the present work, the effect of the energy of the cluster atoms and the surface orientation on the above processes and, therefore, on the surface pattern formation, are analyzed. In the case of energy, it is found that this represents an additional excitation to the formation of patterns. Therefore, if it increases, the surface irregularities increase in turn. However, the specific weight of the processes that support the process is maintained. On the contrary, the crystallographic structure can affect this specific weight. In fact, the formation of patterns on the (100) surface is justified by sputtering regardless of the angle of incidence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19380,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms","volume":"563 ","pages":"Article 165707"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}