The GLOCAL in Asia 2019最新文献

{"title":"Chinese Language and Literature Reform in The Beginning of The 20th Century","authors":"Chanh Nguyen Thi Mai","doi":"10.47298/cala2019.6-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.6-1","url":null,"abstract":"It is difficult not to mention language reform when referring to Chinese literature modernization between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Language played a critical role in facilitating the escape of Chinese literature from Chinese medieval literary works in order to integrate into world literature. The language reform not only laid a foundation for modern literature but also contributed considerably to the grand social transformation of China in the early days of the 20th century. Chinese new-born literature was a literature created by spoken language; in Chinese terms, it was considered as a literature focusing on “dialectal speech” instead of “classical Chinese” used in the past. In international terms, it can be named as living language literature which was used to replace classic literary language in ancient books – a kind of dead language. This article will analyze how language reform impacted Chinese modern literature at the beginning of the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127775830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Language, Culture and History: Towards Building a Khmer Narrative","authors":"R. Bhat","doi":"10.47298/cala2019.3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.3-2","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic and geological studies reveal that following the melting of snows 22,000 years ago, the post Ice-age Sundaland peoples’ migrations as well as other peoples’ migrations spread the ancestors of the two distinct ethnic groups Austronesian and Austroasiatic to various East and South–East Asian countries. Some of the Austroasiatic groups must have migrated to Northeast India at a later date, and whose descendants are today’s Munda-speaking people of Northeast, East and Southcentral India. Language is the store-house of one’s ancestral knowledge, the community’s history, its skills, customs, rituals and rites, attire and cuisine, sports and games, pleasantries and sorrows, terrain and geography, climate and seasons, family and neighbourhoods, greetings and address-forms and so on. Language loss leads to loss of social identity and cultural knowledge, loss of ecological knowledge, and much more. Linguistic hegemony marginalizes and subdues the mother-tongues of the peripheral groups of a society, thereby the community’s narratives, histories, skills etc. are erased from their memories, and fabricated narratives are created to replace them. Each social-group has its own norms of extending respect to a hearer, and a stranger. Similarly there are social rules of expressing grief, condoling, consoling, mourning and so on. The emergence of nation-states after the 2nd World War has made it imperative for every social group to build an authentic, indigenous narrative with intellectual rigour to sustain itself politically and ideologically and progress forward peacefully. The present essay will attempt to introduce variants of linguistic-anthropology practiced in the West, and their genesis and importance for the Asian speech communities. An attempt shall be made to outline a Khymer narrative with inputs from Khymer History, Art and Architecture, Agriculture and Language, for the scholars to take into account, for putting Cambodia on the path to peace, progress and development.","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124809324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planning Language, Planning Future","authors":"Mart Rannut","doi":"10.47298/CALA2019.17-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/CALA2019.17-3","url":null,"abstract":"Language is planned, and plans themselves arer assessed in a multitude of countries in Europe and America, and to a lesser extent in Africa and Asia. In the presentation, the overview of the process of language planning is provided, based on the experience of language planning in various countries. The very first steps include a general assessment of the current linguistic and sociolinguistic situation, sustainability of the language(-s) concerned, trends, security aspects and various threats (social, regional, virtual), vision or desirable outcome with the description of main goals and sub-goals (with measurable quantitative data), activities and sub-activities with specific indicators measuring outcome, result or activity itself. The main motor of the whole process is status planning with legal, managerial, and PR-level (language marketing). For this planning to succeed, timely input from other language planning dimensions is necessary, first of all, from the corpus planning (general orthographic and grammatical standardization, geographical, business and personal name policies, terminology development and development of the domain of translation and interpreting, subtitling and dubbing). These standards are implemented in the educational system, providing education through various monolingual or multilingual educational programmes / models. Language technology as a support dimension must be developed in the level of a minimal survival kit, securing competitiveness in this way. Finally some typical misunderstandings and mistakes, drawbacks and failures are discussed that might help future language planners and thus, foster better results.","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115964847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modern Folk poetry (Ca Dao): A Form of Folklore Linguistic Composition on the Internet","authors":"Trang Dang Thi Dieu","doi":"10.47298/cala2019.4-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.4-2","url":null,"abstract":"The context of globalization along with the development of electronic media has opened a new era for folklore in general as well as forms of linguistic composition of folk literature in particular. In addition to the form of composing and keeping media documents in the traditional way, the Internet explosion has dominated the main spaces of communal life and has gradually changed the mode of human interaction. Cyber space is considered as a tool to convey traditional values, to create many new cultural activities, and to be a place to circulate folk cultural works in contemporary society, in which folk poetry (Ca dao) is one. Modern folk poetry studies are still a controversial issue in academic circles in Vietnam, but with the dominance of today's Internet communication technology, the emergence of lyrics rhymes circulated on the Internet is a remarkable and inevitable phenomenon in the context of development of various forms of \"reformed\", \"processing\", \"parody\" lyrics, songs, poems according to the direction of humor and entertainment rather than focusing on aesthetics and art. From a linguistic cultural approach, this article aims to discuss modern folk poetry on such issues as: Why did such folk poetry come about? How would we circulate or share this poetry on the Internet and to approach folk culture in an era of dominance of visual culture (TV, video, film, photography) and Online culture; how does socio-economic change on modern folk poetry impact on the Internet in terms of thinking innovatively, and how does it tend to break traditional cognitive structures due to the diverse forms of reflection and reality in modern society?","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128775230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"At the Origin of the Khmer Melodic Percussion Ensembles or “From Spoken to Gestured Language”","authors":"P. Kersalé","doi":"10.47298/cala2019.11-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.11-5","url":null,"abstract":"Frescoes representing melodic percussion orchestras have recently appeared in the central sanctuary of the Angkor Wat temple. They prefigure two orchestras existing today in Cambodia: the pin peat and the kantoam ming. These two ensembles are respectively related to Theravada Buddhism ceremonies and funerary rituals in the Siem Reap area. They represent a revolution in the field of music because of their acoustic richness and their sound power, supplanting the old Angkorian string orchestras. This project analyzes in detail the composition of the fresco sets and establishes a link with the structure of Khmer melodic percussion orchestras. The analysis of some graphic details, related to other frescoes and bas-reliefs of Angkor Wat, also makes it  possible to propose a dating. The study embodies one of an anthropological ethnomusicology, while also incorporating a discourse analysis, so to frame the uncovering of new historiographers of music and instrumentation, so to re describe musical discourses, more so to shed new light on melodic percussion of Angkorian music.","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131250876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Southeast Asia: Linguistic Perspectives","authors":"Meng Vong","doi":"10.47298/cala2019.10-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.10-2","url":null,"abstract":"Southeast Asia (SEA) is not only rich in multicultural areas but also rich in multilingual nations with the population of more than 624 million and more than 1,253 languages (Ethnologue 2015). With the cultural uniqueness of each country, this region also accords each national languages with language planning and political management. This strategy brings a challenges to SEA and can lead to conflicts among other ethnic groups, largely owing to leadership. The ethnic conflicts of SEA bring controversy between governments and minorities, such as the ethnic conflict in Aceh, Indonesia, the Muslim population of the south Thailand, and the Bangsa Moro of Mindanao, of the Philippines. The objective of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of the linguistic perspectives of SEA. This research examines two main problems. First, this paper investigates the linguistic area which refers to a geographical area in which genetically unrelated languages have come to share many linguistic features as a result of long mutual influence. The SEA has been called a linguistic area because languages share many features in common such as lexical tone, classifiers, serial verbs, verb-final items, prepositions, and noun-adjective order. SEA consists of five language families such as Austronesian, Mon-Khmer, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, and Hmong-Mien. Second, this paper also examines why each nation of SEA takes one language to become the national language of the nation. The National language plays an important role in the educational system because some nations take the same languages as a national language—the Malay language in the case of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. The research method of this paper is to apply comparative method to find out the linguistic features of the languages of SEA in terms of phonology, morphology, and grammar.","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"36 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132537345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wayang Properties in The Use of Indonesian and Javanese","authors":"I. P. Wijana","doi":"10.47298/cala2019.3-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.3-9","url":null,"abstract":"“Wayang” (puppet) is one of the most popular traditional performances in Indonesia. The story, originally from India, has undergone transformations, and the Indonesian people have regarded it as their own, instead of foreign to the community. More over, for many Indonesian people, wayang stories differ to other stories in that they present ethics and moral teachings as an important provisions for way of life. The central role played by wayang renders wayang properties easily accessible in many aspects of social life, and the use of language is no exception. This paper will accordingly discuss the properties of wayang reflected in the use of Indonesian and Javanese. The data are collected through observing the use of Indonesian and  Javanese for talking and discussing wayang matters and referring, naming, or comparing  everything surrounding their lives. The data are further classified on the basis of their speech type modalities. As far as the wayang properties are concerned, there are at least three types of language use, i.e. literal, metaphorical, and symbolic. These types of languages are used by society for referring, symbolizing, and comparing various social aspects, states, and activities of a community’s daily life. All of these matters have not so far been revealed by scholars who use wayang as the object of their study (Nurhayati, 2005 and Hazim, 1991). More specifically, the use of wayang properties as the source domains of metaphorical expressions has not been discussed by linguists who have conducted significant studies on metaphors (Wahab (1990, 5) and Wijana (2016, 56-67)","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124330444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Salvage Linguistic Anthropological Study of the Endangered Māṅgtā Language of West Bengal, India","authors":"S. Bandyopadhyay, Doyel Chatterjee","doi":"10.47298/cala2019.15-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.15-2","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper is a salvage Linguistic Anthropology, in which attempt has been made to document a nearly-extinct language known as māṅgtā bhāsā, and to suggest appropriate measures for saving it from complete extinction. The word māṅgtā is said to have been derived from māṅā, which means ‘to ask for’ or ‘to beg’. The language is spoken by a few groups of the Bedia, which is a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in India with a population of 88,772 as per Census of India, 2011(Risley [1891]1981; Bandyopadhyay 2012, 2016, 2017). Bedia is a generic name for a number of vagrant gypsy like groups which Risley has divided into seven types. They live by a number of professions such as snake-charming, selling of medicinal herbs, showing chameleon art or multi-forming. Almost all of them have become speakers of more than one language for interacting with speakers of different languages in the neighbourhood for the sake of their survival. Even the present generation has almost forgotten their native speech, and their unawareness of the language becoming extinct is of concern to us. Elders still remember it and use it sometimes in conversations with the fellow members of their community. The ability to speak this language is construed with regard to the origin of this particular group of Bedia. In fact, the language had given them the identity of a separate tribal community while they demanded the status of ST in the recent past. Thus, socio-historically, the māṅgtā language has a special significance. In spite of being a distinct speech, there has been almost no study conducted on this language. This is one of the major motives for taking up the present endeavour. This project conducts morphological, phonological, syntactical and semantic studies on the māṅgtā language. Sociolinguistic aspects of this language have also been considered. The language has its roots in the Indo-European language family with affinity to the Austro-Asiatic family. The paper interrogates whether māṅgtā can be called language or speech. The study required ethnographic field work, audio-visual archiving, and revitalization, along with sustainable livelihood protection of speakers of the language.","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116955705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cham Language Literacy in Cambodia: From the Margins Towards the Mainstream","authors":"Alberto Pérez-Pereiro, Jorge López Cortina","doi":"10.47298/cala2019.15-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.15-3","url":null,"abstract":"The Cham language has been written since at least the 4th Century. As such it is the oldest attested language of all of the Austronesian languages. This literary heritage was transmitted using locally modified forms of Indian scripts which were also used to write Sanskrit. With the loss of Cham territories to the Vietnamese, many Cham became displaced and the literary culture was disrupted. In addition, the adoption of Islam by the majority of Cham led many of those who continued to write to do so in variations of the Arabic script. However, the literary potential of the language in Cambodia has not been fully realized in either script – with village scholars using it almost exclusively for religious tracts and for very limited local audiences. In 2011, the United States Embassy initiated a program to encourage the protection of Cham culture and heritage. This Cham Heritage Expansion Program ran from 2011 to 2017 and resulted in the operation of 13 schools in which over 2,500 students of different ages were taught the traditional Cham script. This effort was accompanied by the development of a now significant number of local Cham intellectuals throughout the country who are dedicating themselves to the expansion of the use of Cham as a written language in all aspects of daily life. This presentation documents the way in which interest in this long-neglected writing system was rekindled, and the new avenues for personal and communitarian expression that are being opened by the propagation of Cham literacy. It also presents current developments in the formalization of Cham language education in the country, including the possibilities of bringing the language into the school system.","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126634006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I Call You through Fire: A Pakkado Love Magic Parallelism","authors":"Nirwan","doi":"10.47298/cala2019.6-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.6-3","url":null,"abstract":"The main concern of this article is to elaborate on the magic of Pa’issangang Baine 'knowledge about women’ within ‘Pakkado’ (people who speak I) in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. More specifically, the article focuses on this spell in individual ritual contexts, not in ordinary activity. The spell is performed by certain actors, and focuses on the characteristics of the utterances. The type of knowledge is categorized as a spell and is practiced by men who want to attract beloved women. Albeit, it also used by women to gain beloved men. The techniques used are recordings and field notes. The utterances are taken from a single informant. The rationale of the research is to give a better understanding of spells within the society who speak I. Nowadays, this spell lives only within the heads of aged populatons. Some people are worried about the death of this magic language, but only some attention has been directed at its preservation. The research also contributes in two ways; practice and academic. Practically, it is one way for revitalizing the magic word into written text; academically, it shows fascinating language use from semantic and pragmatic points of view. The writer applies some linguistic tools to analyze the utterances and the activity of performers in producing words such as in the poetic function of language use (Jakobson 1960), and in the deictic field (Hank, 2005). The features of this spell show the act of using parallelism and sentences repeated many times (Fox, 1988). In addition, it also shows the variety within a deictic system. Mandar is an ethnicity located in West Sulawesi—on the island of Sulawesi.","PeriodicalId":443508,"journal":{"name":"The GLOCAL in Asia 2019","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121694804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}